پژوهشنامه متین
پیاپی 52 (پاییز 1390)

The present paper is an attempt to study religious superficialism in the viewpoints of Mulla Sadra and Imam Khomeini. In the first place the viewpoints of Mulla Sadra about pseudo-mystics, who have deviated from the right path in the name of Esoterism, are discussed. The discussion regarding this subject is based on his book titled, “Kasr Asnam Jahiliah” and his treatise titled “Seh Asl”. Three works of Imam Khomeini, i.e. “Adaab us-Salaat”, Chehel Hadith, and Sharh Jonud Aql va Jahl”, have been used to discuss his viewpoints on religious superficialism.

Life insurance is a contract on the basis of which the insurer as a quid pro quo for receiving certain amount of premium undertakes to pay a certain amount of money to the insured party or his/her advocate after his/her death or after a specific period of time.Life insurance may be related to the danger of the death of the insured or to the survival of the insurer. The other type of life insurance is a combination of both. However the number of people involved in a life insurance may be up to four: insurer, insured, user and beneficiary. People can manage their expenditures and thus, by paying regular premiums to insurance companies, collect an asset for the future expenses of their children education, their marriage, dowry, construction of houses….

Islam’s attention to all aspects of life and its emphasis on management of social affairs requires the participation of women in social activities. Women’s engagement in social activities is some time in contradiction with the rights of family such as spouse’s rights and other responsibilities regarding the raising of children. But depravation of women from social activities under the pretext of her family responsibilities is not only against her human dignity but also would inflict losses to her and to the society. Hence, depravation of women from social activities would cause two damages: first, the damages that may be inflicted on the family and husband; and second, the damages that may be inflicted on the woman and society. The solution to this problem is the rule of “No Loss”. When there are two contradictory losses, they are different on the basis of the intensity of the loss. If the loss is customarily negligible, the husband cannot stop his wife from social activities. But if the loss is not negligible, the wife is not allowed to engage in social activities. If the two losses are equal, then jurisprudents instruct the general rules or draw.

Attempts have been made in the present paper to verify the accuracy of some traditions by adjusting the lunar calendar with solar one through using certain software. Also it is argued that through this approach it is possible to prove that some of the traditions are not correct. The present paper focuses on the impact of time on individual inference (ijtihad), as elaborated by Imam Khomeini. The present research suggests that not only this approach can be used in the field of historical traditions, but also in that of jurisprudential traditions.

The occurrence of revolution is accompanied with fundamental developments and rapid changes in every society. The Islamic Revolution too with its victory introduced new structures, values, definitions, subjects ad concepts. One of such important issues was the concept of freedom and human rights in general and private and public domains of the citizens in particular. As the leader of the popular revolution, Imam Khomeini in his interviews and speeches referred to this issue a number of times. In fact, private and public domains had a special place in his thought and precept. His 1982 Eight-Point Decree, which addressed the executive and judicial officials reflected his viewpoints in this regard and plays a vital role for the society and the public. The present paper is an attempt to study Imam’s approach to public and private domains through studying his precept and the Eight-Point Decree. Also attempts have been made to provide answer to the following questions: How Imam’s stance on people’s privacy is explained in the light of his speeches about encroaching upon people’s privacy because of the expediency of the system? Are these two contradictory?

The relationship between ethics and politics has always been among significant issues of political thought. Since the ‘ought to’s’ and ‘ought not to’s’ are within the domain of ethics, consideration of ethical principles and systems is of great importance. The significance of these two issues stems from the fact that both ethics and politics are connected to man’s individual and social life and no human being can evade them. The fundamental role of ethics is so great that can be observed in all domains, particularly in the political arena. The consideration of ethical values in political life leads to understanding, tolerance, synergy, respect to the rights of others… while heedlessness to them would cause exploitation, growth of dictatorship, elimination of individual and collective rights…The present paper is an attempt to study the relationships between ethics and politics in Imam Khomeini’s viewpoints. Since the Imam emphasized on practical ethics and the impact of ethics on individual life, his approach to ethics is individual-centered, for ethics deals with man’s inner being while the improvement of society depends on proper ethics of the leaders, political elites and citizens.

Over the past few decades and simultaneous with the great waves of social, economic, political and cultural change, organizations have made great efforts to come out of the cocoon of static framework and move towards learning frameworks in order to preserve their survival. One of the approaches regarding learning organizations is learning from mistakes that occur in day-to-day activities either by managers or by the staff. Attempts have been made in the present paper to study different aspects of learning from mistakes and introduce and analyze different approaches to mistakes. Also the viewpoints of thinkers and that of Imam Khomeini about admission of mistake and learning from it have been discussed.