فصلنامه مطالعات و پژوهش های شهری و منطقه ای
پیاپی 11 (زمستان 1390)

1-Introduction Evaluation of master plan can be an important tool in measuring the success of implementation of master plans. Evaluation process can help urban planners to be familiar with the problems of comprehensive plans. The purpose of this article is to evaluate of main suggestions proposed in master plan of Lar city, located in southern Iran. The research method used in this study is a combination of qualitative evaluation methods and Fuzzy logic (based on Michael OHagen methodology). 2- Theoretical bases Evaluation, scientificly speaking, is new knowledge especially in Iran, particularly in urban and regional planning that, does not exceed 40 years. From a scientific perspective, evaluation is a systematic process for collecting, analyzing and interpreting data. In fact, evaluation is a method to show whether the objectives and goals of the project have been realized, or are being realized? And, to what extent the goals have been achieved so far? Qualitative and quantitative evaluations, especially in urban studies, have important roles. For example, it can be used for both qualitative and quantitativeevaluation in the process of land use planning. In quantitative evaluation, Optimal Allocation of Lands to the standards and per capita in urban areas is often considered. In qualitative evaluation, some different components are considered such as social benefits; balance planning, Reliance, adaptability, utility and capacity of land uses. 3– Discussion Findings of the study show significant differences between the predicted population in year 2001 and the status quo of the city of Lar (opposite to the comprehensive plan predictions) in 2006. In spite of increasing population in many other cities of Iran, the process of population growth in Lar city has been faced with decreasing steps so that it was 0.06% in 2006. On the other hand, whereas comprehensive plan had forecasted that the population of this city will reach nearly to 60000 people in 2001, the population of this city in 1385 doesn’t still have reached to predicted population in 2001 (The current population of the city of Lar is 55000 people). On this incorrect prediction, many of land uses and proposed transport network are not compatible with the proposed status. At the same time, while the master plan of Lar city has suggested the direction of development in western lands, the status quo shows most of the development direction is devoted to the areas the old and new cities (central district). 4– Conclusion The findings of this study shows that most forecasts and per capita of land use in this plan were incorrect according to forecast of the population of the city and despite passing several years from the execution of the master plan, yet some proposed per capita of land use has not been achieved. Moreover, the proposed development directions of the city in this plan are not compatible with the status quo. Overall, it can be claimed that the master plan of Lar city was not successful in predicting the per capita of land use and proposed development directions. 5– Suggestions 5-1- In the process of master plan preparation, especially in cities with a vast sphere of influence and impact such as the city of Lar, paying attention to the regional studies, regional population movements, social and cultural conditions of the inhabitants of the town is essential. 5-2- Establishing a local office of consulting engineers to amend the master plan process with emphasis on Participatory Planning is necessary. 5-3- In the next steps, land use per capita can be evaluated in GIS software. 5-4- (CDS), which is used in many cities all over the world can be used in Lar, as a different approach from the previous plans.

Introduction Earthquake as one of the most devastating natural hazards is widely occurring in most part of Iran plateau. The importance of the dangers of earthquake is increasing because of the intensity of the town’s expanse and capital centralization. Tehran as a main city for purpose of population, social and economy infrastructure and for purpose of to settle some active fault in and around it having a more risk of earthquake. Therefore the investigation relevant to the susceptibility of seismic this city finding the best model for the study his susceptible, is one of the necessaries of the management of Tehran. Hence, the first zone of Tehran area was selected as a case study. The method of collected information analyses accomplished due to the method based on informational based on and with exploitation from RADIUS model. Three scenarios were applied to estimate the amount of earth quake damages considering three different faults including Northern Tehran, Mesa and Rey. 2- Theoretical bases Vulnerability is a condition that residency or building by their proximity with adventures and quality of them are threated. For investigate the area susceptibility region1 of Tehran, RADIUS viewpoint in 1996 to put in practice with the purpose of supply earthquake scenario and codify ploy plan for the cities of the developing countries that is exposed the danger of earthquake. To raise the information and creation a scientific and application tools decreasing the risk of earthquake in the urban area is the main purpose of RADIUS project that start with the UN supports. This ploy is to put in practice with the done reformation as a damages estimate software and preparation and codify of earthquake scenario. RADIUS is a program that work in Excel environment and user must enter the size and limit of the studied area via lattice way total population of studied area, total number of building and the kind of building factors, the type of land, vital arteries information of studied area, selection of earthquake scenario and it’s parameters’ to his software. 3– Discussion The result of earthquake damages and victims, based on regarded scenario, in the studied area indicate that based on Masha fault scenario, 9873 building will destructed, 2371 persons will bi killed and 38542 persons will be wounded. Within north Tehran scenario also 17867 building will destructed,7482 persons will be killed and 62805 persons will be wounded and within Rey fault scenario, too, 3998 building will destructed, 347 persons will be killed and 7273 persons will be wounded. The result of vital alternate damages based on considered scenario, say that within Masha fault model, 9.1 percent of thoroughfare network, 3.3 percent of water line and sewage system and 19.4 percent of fuel station will be destructed. Also within Ray fault 3.8 percent of thoroughfare network, 0.8 percent of water line and sewage system and 9.1 percent of fuel station of the studied area will be destructed that the 7,8,2,4 area having the most scale of susceptibility in the whole. North Tehran fault, having the most susceptibility for the area and the Ray having less susceptibility. 4– Conclusion RADIUS model that have the advantages such as, all utilized relation and environs in the plan clarity showed and available and if need be change them, and possible and domestication them based on environs available in country is possible. Also within use of this viewpoint for codify earthquake scenario and estimate probable damages con having a best perceptions about earthquake and the meter of risks that we facing with it. Also, damage amplitude and the susceptible area in city will be determined. Also this has some defects. Lattice in the RADIUS software is stable and done as an equal square. That in this case, it cause, creation wrongs is the bound and appropriate Un lattice in the studied area and always the part of information in the borders of area not enter to the software correctly. In the RADIUS viewpoint numbers and rate of entrance information is stable and we can’t change it at pleasure and add or remove information. In the whole RADIUS model with due to rapid represent of result in the short period of time, for the area that the exact and complete information is not available it is a suitable model for estimate damages of earthquake and for the current condition most of the Iran’s area that haven’t the GIS information it’s a good model for estimated the damages of earthquake

Intro duction Urbanization growth and parallel to it the vehicles increase in urban areas has caused different problems. Among them we can refer to decrease of human scale on residential environments, lack of urban places, face to face contact, and population development in the urban centers increase of accidents rate in passages networks, disappearing safety and security of passer- by, decrease of passer – by value, and generally decreasing environment quality. To consider quality promotion of urban environments and following that to value passer - by, as the main formative elements of city and their satisfaction of urban environments are the principal drives of the research. The research area is the area between Se rahe bazar to Shohada Square (Eram Avenue) and its Suburbs. The research purpose is to measure the rate of social group’s tendency towards making pavement - oriented Main Street connected to Majesty holly shrine in Qom. The main question of the research is whether the increase of functional variety at different times of day and night will develop making pavement? And whether pedestrian roads will increase the social security for environment users? 2- Theoretical Bases The environment quality is a multiple dimension concept that is related to the concepts such as life quality, place quality, perception and citizenship satisfaction and life capability so that they are often regarded as similar concepts. While there is considerable variety on approaches inclined to discussion about urban environments quality, the concept of environment quality is considered in the form of theoretical approach according to two bases of the approaches inclined to frame dimensions of environment and the approaches with majority social – local content. Also from other perspective in three bases we can consider the approach of policymakers, perceptual – psychological view and empirical research as the main grounds of indicating urban environments quality. Concerning the previous studies, the approach of environment quality measurement through environment users that is the same approach of measurement of residential satisfaction rate (is the subset of local – social approach) was selected for measurement of urban environment quality in this research. Thus in order to promote urban environment quality such as street and increase people satisfaction from the environment we tried to consider the solution of making pavement in the environment as the research hypothesis and establish statistical relation, between data. In this research pedestrian roads or pedestrian streets, are single streets that car traffic is eliminated from them. In other words in these streets non – motor traffic and passer – by moving have priority. Of course the particular cars (fire engine and emergency and police car) can use in emergency and service vehicles and load corridor are allowed to pass through them. 3- Discussion In order to study the possibility of making pavement, it was considered from three functional, physical and environmental perception aspects. The environment quality was evaluated by designing empirical model of quality assessment (value tree), using deductive method, studying 13 given criterions (including availability, environment, urban facilities, lighting, pavements, cultural- social factors, economic activities, entertainment functions, livability, identity, human scale, belonging sense, legibility) whit an assess meal in 4 levels. By using available and documentary information as statistical and field study and from the value tree a questionnaire was provided and it was completed by both sex groups (male and female) 386 people with age range between 15-16 and different social classes and groups (resident and passer- by) during 6 successive days and different times of day (on Cochran -sampling formula). The samples were selected as randomly systematic around Majesty Masoumeh's holly shrine and questioned and data were analyzed through spss software. The correlation rate was determined between variables. In the next stage all selected sub- branches including 12 parameters were studied separately and their correlation rate was determined. The rate of direct and indirect effect and also priority of each independent variable on the rate of people satisfaction with environment was determined by using path analysis. Physical characteristics with 0.682 were standed in the first priority. Then the environmental perception with 0.605 and the functional characteristics with 0.483 were standed in the second and third priority. The considerable point is however in regression analysis of variable the functional figures had the most direct effect on the variable of environment quality but in the path analysis with a view to the indirect effect of variables, the physical characteristics were standed on the first priority with 0.682. Also the finding result of research indicates user’s dissatisfaction of environment quality around Majesty Masoumeh's holly shrine. While the theoretical average of urban environment quality rate was equivalent to 2. the average of environment quality around Majesty Masoumeh's holly shrine was equivalent to 1.54 from environment user’s view that is about 0.46 less than the theoretical average of 2. 4- Conclusion The statistical analyses (multiple variable regression, path analysis, person correlation test and tb Kendal, etc.) show that there is a meaning relation between dependent variable (environment quality) and independent variable (standards) with confidence %99. In other words, there is a positive and meaningful relation between dependent variables of the research and variables of environment quality increase around Majesty Masoumeh's holly shrine through making the Eram street pavement-centered. Therefore the research hypotheses were confirmed by examining the studied samples. It means that the functional variety increase at different times of day land night encourages citizens to walk along urban places and allows making pavement in such place with many and various functions. Also promotion of environment quality in the urban places on pavement increases social security for citizens. Therefore findings show there is the possibility of establishing pavement in such environment in order to promote the environment quality in the central part of Qom. Also in order to promote the environment quality on pavement, investment in security, availability, passages, economic functions items, may lead to improvement.

Intro duction Employment has the main, vital roles in human life and socio-economical progressives (see: ILO, 2010, Women in Labour Markets: 2; Momsen, J. 2004). One of the important goals every socio-economical, political system in the world is to supply high social economical welfare which it will be done by equal distribution of income, improvement of educational, health and welfare facilities and opportunities for all. This will not be taken place unless all people (male and female) take part in economical affairs and activities (Refer to: Tzannatos, Z., 1998). By further participation, the rate of fertility will be decreased, reversely; productivity, production and GNP increased. Undoubtedly, the lead structural factors (Cultural, social, economical and political elements) have affected on male and female employment. This trend can make their labor or culture and behavior. To improve employment it is apply to measure level of economical mechanisms. One of these evaluations may study the specifics of female employment in cities which are differing in economical, social, political and cultural policies. Female employment is much more affected by structural, historical factors which form total employment composition; these factors are much varies in cities of the world. 1-1- Objectives To detect effective structural elements on employment (esp. women) in both urban societies, Tehran and Montreal, in order to find out positive and negative distinctions; Study and evaluate positive aspects of culture of job and employment in a city which higher than 50 percent of women is employee and then conclude results and provide guideline for improve employment in Iran and Tehran. 1-2- Main question and Thesis The main question of research is: what are causes of structural differences in the educational system in both cities, Tehran and Montreal? And what elements affect on female employment mainly? The thesis related to this question is: educational system and job culture are the important differences in female employment of Tehran and Montreal. So, this thesis emphasis on distinction of education level between women in both cities. This research supposes getting certificate and rank of education affect on the rate of female labour in the both cities. Therefore it was supposed that in these cities, there is difference between getting certificate and professional education and skills in entrance to labour market. Also, they are differing in attitude and thought with job and economic activity; and this effect on rate of female employment. 2- Theoretical Bases There are various theories about the situation of women in labour market including: Neoclasic theory, Labour Segmentation theory, Neo-liberalism and Feminism theory. These theories believe that gender roles are based on weak position of women in labour market. What that is important for this research is the effects of employment policies which have rooted by these theories, especially for women in both of developed and developing countries. One of these effects has been called “Female margination in urban employment”. By going over mentioned theories we can find out female employment more than men has been affected by global capitalism and neo-liberalism. This structural affectability of gender employment mechanism in both of study societies shows clear differences. For example, Montreal with high economic-social development, high educated female labour market has low attraction, while less educated women have been employed rapidly in low wage jobs. This trend has cleared dominant of extra beneficial approach and a kind of female margination on purposely which is differ from Tehran’s labor market deeply. 3– Discussion Generally, there are many fundamental economical, social and political differences between Tehran and Montreal in their employment structures. This research has followed to discover the reasons of high rank female employment in Montreal in order to find out adjusting ways to reduce female unemployment in Tehran. Everyone has to have equal opportunity for employment. Women like men should be independent person and authority socio-economically. So, the local government is responsible to provide or encourage individuals and institutes establishing enough jobs everywhere and every time. There are many policies and strategies in employment field which facilitate to supply and help all of needs to have job. There are non-governmental organizations which provide social and economical situations to find job and expand it gradually. Some condition including: relative economic stability, growth of professional technical and scientific situations, bank facilities and etc. have easy entrance and participate women in Montreal’s labour market; and the establish of small income institutes are rapid and easy. So, entrepreneurship especially for educated women is one of positive interest in Montreal which should be emphasis in Tehran too. Today, entrepreneur women have established many jobs for immigrant’s women. In spite of gender discrimination in labour market of Canada, it has been increased the rate of entrepreneur women and female employees. Montreal like other cities in Canada is managed by Provincial Laws and policies. I referred to legal politic documents and official centers for knowing legal’s affects. Referring to administrable laws and policies in every society is the most important way for knowledge and explanation of facts. For example, one of financial laws in Quebec Province is providing low benefit loans to entrepreneurs and job seekers. So, all graduates from secondary level to high academic degrees can use financial helps and able to create several jobs for others as well as their selves. Therefore, they decrease dependency rate on economy of family, city and local government. 4– Conclusion I have drive and concluded the results and proper recommendations as are follow: Both of cities have shown much difference in rate of employed women, rate of participation and rate of unemployment. These differences have rooted in economic structure, policies and cultural conditions. These cities are much variety at job, financial and administrative laws and citizenship rights and policies. So, they are differing at organizations, institutes and related job centers. Educational system of Iran need to essential changes base on teaching skills instead of getting certificate. This transformation cause to motivate economic institutes that they emphasis on skills and professionals of labour forces. Subsequently, it should be low gender discrimination in labour market and unemployment for both men and women. Determination or indetermination the age start a job is not criteria for job market preservation and urban economy health. But it may show especial culture and public thoughts about human personality and work substance. At some cases, to neglect work start age, and to facilitate to have a reliable job (even part time job), not only improve human authority and independency but also, it has important role at increase rate of participation in labour market and decrease unemployment. Of course, there are some reasons that women in Montreal mainly have been attracted by entrepreneurial market and self-employed activities including: gender discriminations at work place, high professional-technical training and high female personality, self-confidence and cultural situation.

Intro duction Lack of ranking, as well as a scientific and systematic approach in specifying structure and place-spatial status of the attractive rural centers and as the result disproportionate distribution of tourism installations and equipments are some of the main and obvious shortages observed in many tourism industry development studies and plans in our country that is tangible (specially in the central part of Boyer-Ahmad County in Kohgilouyeh-Boyer Ahamd Province). The region by having 5 rural districts and 239 villages enjoys some potentialities in terms of tourism development which have not been actualized because of the lack of a comprehensive study and some other reasons. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct studies about this region through adopting a structural-functional perspective and a spatial-location approach in order to reach two objectives of recognizing and prioritizing rural tourism centers and planning to specify and distribute tourism installations and equipments proportionately and optimally. There are two questions in this regard, the first one is: Does the region under study enjoy many various natural-ecological and cultural-historical attractions in terms of rural tourism development? And the second one is: Are location-spatial distribution of tourism services in the rural spots and districts located at the research area proportionate to the status and application of each of them? The issue is studied through examining two mentioned hypothese. It seems that the research region enjoys many various natural-ecological and cultural-historical attractions in terms of rural tourism development and it also seems that the location-spatial distribution of tourism services in the rural centers are not proportionate to the status and application of each of them. This research has been conducted to rank,set layer, and promote the rural spaces in terms of tourism industry development and reach the mentioned objectives of research in the research area through applying documentary-field method and descriptive-analytic study in some 239 rural spots of the central part of Boyer-Ahmad County and by performing Gottman’s model, statistical testing technique of William Guste,Analysis of variance,Pearson coefficient test and applying Excel, Spss, and Gis software. 2- Theoretical bases Studying potentialities available in the places considering population, services and economic activities in each area, and preparing a program proportionate to this potentialities or limitations in such a way that it leads to the growth and development of that area is very important. There are different theories about specifying and performing spetiol planning. The World Tourism Organization specifies some 7 steps for tourism planning as: study preparation, determination of objectives, surveys, analysis and synthesis, policy and plan formation, recommendations, implementation and monitoring. Also, Murphy specifies 4 planning factors as human activities, communications, space, and time. This research investigates this issue through adopting this approach and by performing Gottman’s model and estimating the indicators 3– Discussion A- Selecting 29 rural tourism districts and their spots in order to specify planning unit in the research area through applying the failure point theory. B- Specifying and estimating research indices and variabls including (natural-human) and (service-infrastructure) attractions criteria. P- Performing Gottman’s model with regard to estimating the indices in order to rank and specify the space performance through applying Spss and Excel software. T- Statistical hypothesis testing with statistical testing technique of William Guste, Analysis of variance, pearson coefficient test C- Preparing required maps through applying GIS software 4- Conclusion A-Ranking rural spots in terms of each rural tourism district throughout the whole research area; B-Delineating spatial performance of each rural spot in the process of rural tourism development; P- Ranking 29 rural tourism districts in order to specify potentiality of rural tourism development; T-It was found that the whole research area enjoys natural-ecological and cultural-historical attractions. But distribution of tourism services and installations are disproportionate to the spatial status of each of them and it is more obvious in two districts of Mansour-Khani and Tang-Sorkh. 5- Suggestions 5-1- Investment should be made according to the space status and application of each rural tourism spot and district; 5-2-Through recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of rural tourism districts, necessary measure should be taken considering the level and rank of each district. Some of these suggestions are mentioned in the Matrix No. 5 of the research.

Introduction In Iran with development in industrial and financial infrastractures, profitable activities in large cities have conducted and made these cities main centers of wage-earner labor force and so migration from small cities to large cities has increased through interaction urbanization and migration.Consequently, population balance between small cities and large cities have been deranged. Migration is mainly influenced by lack of suitable economic infrastructures and underlined services in these small cities and also expectation better employement and pay and health/ educational/ convenience services in big cities. Migration from small cities is one of the most important subjects in third world. This type of migration shows lack of balance in urban settlement complex and also inequalities of development in urban societies. 2- Theoretical Bases In the most of early reaserches about impact of migration, economical, social, cultural, geographical and communicational factors are emphasized abstractly. Nowadays, there is a consensus on influence of variety of factors on migration. In most of developing country, the large cities have high levels economic, social services and this has made small cities pheripheral spaces. There are different approaches about reasons of migration.According to Lee theory, factors of pulls and repulsive are very important motives to migration, pulls factors is concerned with purpose and repulsive factors with origin. 3-Discussion To deep understanding reasons of migrant sending in small cities, in this analysis migration in one of the cities of Zanjan Province, Gheidar has been examined. Small city of Gheidar, despite of potentials, due to lack of possibilites and social and economic infrastructures act such as migrant sending center. The researches have done by using of analytical-describtive method with identifying effective factors on migrant sending in Gheidar. Research data is mainly collected by field method (survey, questionnaire, and interview).Questionnares perpeturity is achieved %88 by calculating Kronbakh Alfa coefficient that indicates squre questiones’s high internal parallelism. After data gathering spss software is used to analyze them. In this research in order to recognize backgrounds of Gheidar’s migrant sending, two categories of external and internal factors are evaluated. 4-conclusion One of the important and principal components of migration is quality of life. In this research in order to recognize backgrounds of Gheidar’s migrant sending to Zanjan, we identified and evaluated two categories of external and internal factors. Results show the background of migrant sending in Gheidar is a social, cultural and economical behavior The available data has been analyzed and the conclusion is that economic, social and cultural factors are important for migration. In fact, questionnaires results of 400 family head man who migrated from Gheidar showed that although economic factors influence on forming migration incentive but there is a meaningful relation between decision making process for migration, and other effective factories such as lack of space for urban services, quality of life in origin city, influence of urban management performance, attractive factors in center of province, normal beliefs and indexes and migrant sending. To compare importance economical factors (M=3/20, S=0/72) with cultural factors (0/82m==3/40), as barrier of living in Gheidar, view of family heads about importance of effective economical and cultural factors on migration and t test was held (t=5/40,p=0.00).This test shows that these individuals regard economic factors more important than cultural ones. Z rate (-5/23) and (4/18) in statistics analyze shows importance of sustainable employement and high wages and also second job for emigrants. In addition, according to data of questionnaires, migration resulting from unemployment factor (88/2),is a seasonal migration at the beginning and later have changed into permanent migration. 5-suggestions 5-1- designing laws and regulations of urban development and use of specialized manangement in urban infrastructure section to attract and maintenance of population. 5-2- decentralization services and possibilities from province centers to removing reasons and backgrounds of migrant sending in small cities. 5-3- making balance between large and small cities in Zanjan Province to balance integrated development planning policies in province level. 5-4- recognization of strong and weak points of to attract of population and migrant sending. 5-5- improvement of service space development in Gheidar according to citizen needs.