نشریه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 4 (تابستان 1390)

Among different types of literature, Romance is of great attraction. The most delicate poems in the realm of world’s literature belong to this type. Therefore, it is not an exaggeration to say that this type of literature is the most pleasant one. Poets with good taste like Fakhradin As’ad Gorgani, Nezami, Jami, etc…have shown their talents in this area, and have created lasting works such as Khosro and Shirin, Veis and Ramin, Yusuf and Zulikha. This article analyzed the reaction of the content of Yusuf and Zuleikha to the works of some Persian and Arab literature scholars based upon the Persian and Arabic interpretations in order to reveal the influence it had according to the Yusuf Surah.

Although the signs of the Orient and the oriental thought are easily recognized in the Voltaire's works, but to gradually understand his purpose of using these signs, we should treat orientalism of this great philosopher and author of the Enlightenment of France cautiously. To achieve this result, several questions must be answered such as: Is the Orient the only frame for the events of Voltaire's narrative works or does his tendency toward other cultures step beyond the boundaries of this country? Does he consider in his narrative and non-narrative works the daily life of the oriental people as much as he noticed the oriental thought through oriental teaching of some scholars such as Zarathustra or Sa’di? Even in the case of the influence of the oriental thought on him, can it be called a "multi-dimensional" influence or it is just a subjective borrowing by the writer for supporting his own philosophy?

Central Asia, during the development of civilization cores in it, has been one of the main cultural centers of Iran. People of this region stepped into the world of science by means of Persian language; in a way that all of the cultural people of this region used to be familiar with this language. Since the 9th century AH, the translation of Iranian poets and author's works has had a significant role in spiritual education of people besides the first language. Amir Alishir Navaee (1441-1501) is among those who raised the cultural appearance of Iran in this region. In this article, for the first time, the influence of Attar Neishabouri on the formation of Navaee's thoughts, and thus, of the mind and language of Uzbek-speaking people of Central Asian in two sections of “Navaee & Persian literature” and “Attar’s intellectual heritage & Uzbek language and literature” was analyzed, using the French Comparative literature, with reference to authentic, fake and translated works of Attar Neishabouri (?537-? 627) in Uzbekistan (the handwritten, lithographic and printed versions). The results of this study revealed that Attar's Manteq oṭ-Ṭayr, in addition to being popular in its original language among people, had an influential role among Uzbek-speaking people under the title of Lessan oṭ-Ṭayr, translated by Navaee. Furthermore, being among the textbooks of the central Asian Maktabs, Pand-nameh, which was attributed to Attar, had a great influence on the life of people living in that region, and also increased the popularity of Attar's works there. That influence increased after the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the independence of Central Asian Republics.

This paper aimed at studying the structure of ode in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and in the poems of early Persian writers of odes. In the article, it was discussed how the Arabic language influenced the Persian language in different areas such as vocabulary, handwriting, prose and poetry, and finally after analyzing the data, the impact of pre-Islamic poetry concerning the form and structure of ode on ancient Persian odes was revealed in a comparative analysis.

Discourse or discourse analysis which is sometimes called Elm-Ol-Nas, is a Modern linguistic expression which has entered into the literature domain quickly and has applied extensively. Without any doubt, discourse is the output of transaction and communication between speakers and hearers in social and cultural texture and results from the relations of the individuals with each other in human society. Ebn Arabi and Moulavi are the wonders of mankind race whose opinions and mystical thoughts are like glittering sun shining in the sky of human education for ever. Certainly, these two great poets met each other and thought highly of one another. In the present article, some common mystical thoughts of them such as unity of existence, perfect man, Adam the father of mankind, permanent archetype, nonexistence and accident, manifestation and devil were mentioned. It is certain that till now in this field there hasn’t been any comprehensive and broad research. This article is a little attempt to show the influence these two great poets has had on each other.

Ale- Mohallab family were one of the most important and influential governors in Khorasan area at the end of the first Hijra century who introduced themselves as the supporter of poetry, literature and culture in that. Wherever they entered, they disseminated poetry and music as well as attracting Arab and Persian poets to that area by giving presents afterwards. Most of Ale-Mohallab poets were in fact regarded as Basra poets. The most popular poets in Ale-Mohallab court were: Sabet Ghotne, Ka’be Ashgari, Hajeb Zobian, Moghayarateben Habna, Nahar-ibn Tose’e, ziyade A’jam.It should be emphasized that their style is steady and near to the style of Jaheli(primitive) and Omavi poets. Although the poets of those areas settled in Khorasan for about one century and got along with inhabitants of that region, they didn’t use so many Persian words in their poems. Indeed Arabic was pioneer of an empty space as if Iran was emptied from cultural and historical sources to open up some opportunities for Arabic literature. Iranian’s talent in learning Arabic was to the extent that before even the end of the first Hijra century, poets like Ziade – A’jam appeared who were talented and skillful in all aspects of Arabic poetic styles.

Mystics have paid special Attention to the reflections and thoughts of Ibn-e-Arabi - the greatest mystic of the seventh century H.S.- immediately after their dissemination. Afterward, he has had a great impact on different areas of theoretical and practical mysticism and many in Iran have tried to explain and disseminate his thoughts. Fax rod- din Iraqi is one of the best expositors of his works. Iraqi Occasionally analyzed and disseminated his mystical and philosophical subjects with detailed scientific expressions and sometimes with poetical phrases. Some views of Ibn-e-Arabi have been adapted to his. But sometimes they are accompanied by innovation which has been achieved as a result of his mystical experience as well as his intuition. The basic representation of these thoughts is in the realm of the cosmos. Because of this, comparative analysis of the thoughts and ideas of these two great mystics is crucial.The method according to which the principles of this paper were gathered together was library based and the gained results were analytically and descriptively put forward. Areas such as Fundamental Mystical Reflections, Mystical Ontology, Five Divine Existences, Love, World of Prototype, Manifestation, Perfect Man and Authority were analyzed. One of the most significant results of this study was that Iraqi was impressed with Ibn –e-Arabi’s views and you couldn’t find mystical and philosophical thoughts of Ibn-e-Arabi which was not reflected in Iraqi’s works. Iraqi’s innovation in applying these thoughts was represented itself in poetic imagination and explanation of the poet.

Persian and Arabic literature have interacted with each other bilaterally for a long time so their impact on each other has been more than any other literatures. Historically speaking, these two literatures have had an active cooperation which made both of them rich and eternal. For this reason, the topic of comparative literature between Arabic and Persian language and literature is considered as one of the best examples of study in the field of comparative literature. In this paper, in the form of comparative literature, Mutanabi and Sa’eb’s poems on the subject of the world were compared with each other based on the library methods. One of the most interesting results of the paper was that these two poets were influenced by their environment a lot which provided a special experience to them that manifested itself in a particular maxim. Deep and ancient cultural similarity of the two languages and similar religious thoughts caused similar sentences and similar maxims between these two sterling poets. The similar subjects found in their poems on the subject of the world were as follows: passing time, deceiving life, the world everlasting grief, lack of attachment to the beautiful world.

The age we live in it, is the age of the clash of sciences and interdisciplinary majors. One of these interdisciplinary majors required to be founded and developed is the field of comparative literature which has been the old dream of Arab and Persian literary scholars and it has been inaugurated in M.A. level in few universities recently. But unfortunately, this field of study is in dire need of experts and instructors, so it is a long way to fulfill it. This essay, on the one hand, discussed briefly the definition and nomenclature of the term ‘Comparative Literature’, on the other hand, it mentioned some of the shortcomings and requirements of this nascent field of study (especially the dearth of polyglot teachers). At the end of the essay, some solutions were suggested. It is hoped that the present essay shed light on the above-mentioned problems and help us to provide a better future for this field of study.

In this comparative study, the elements of the stories of Hamidi and Hariri Maqamat were investigated from different directions. Hamidi and Hariri Maqamat are of those types of Arabic and Persian prose related to mannerism in which features such as the narrative, story writing, the narrator, theme, and linguistic features can be found. Hamidi and Hariri Maqamat were the same as traditional stories due to their narrations. Thus different elements of a story such as theme, character, narrator, act, motif, time, setting, size and type of narrative expression could be investigated in them. However, the absence of strong features such as cause and effect relationships between events, absolutism, producing moral results, immutability of the characters, quality of the narrative, etc could be added. These two works were considered as real and moral stories in which writing method was more significant than the other elements. The expression in these stories was both serious and ironic. The main character in Hariri stories was Abo zeyd and in Hamidi stories was an unknown person. The homodiegetic narrator in Hamidi maqamat was Hares-Ibn-Hamam but there was no heterodiegetic narrator while in Hamidi Maqamat, both homodiegetic and heterodiegetic narrators were anonymous. There were common Act of speech and motif in both works which were presented in the following line based on Propp’s pattern.α ŋ3 A8 a a5 B1 B7↑ D2 D5 E2 EVI K1 K2 K3 Q Wº< Time in Hariri’s was unknown, while in Hamidi’s it was generally expressed. Common settings wherein the stories took place mentioned in both of them.In addition to the introduction, the present study had three parts which are as follows:The main features of the stories A look at the structure and chain motif of the stories Studying the most significant elements of these two stories0

Masterpiece of Roodaki is in a well known Khamryh ode (Anacreontic Verse), "Madar e Mey (Mother of Wine)", which reminds Abu Navas, an Arabic poet; however, Abu Navas describes wine drinkers after considering all types of wines, their extracts, jars, aging, bubbles, tastes, colors and smells. Their resemblance is not in expressing wine customs and the way they look at wine drinkers but in wine fermentation, wine making and many detailed explanation of meanings. For example, on origin of the wine, Abu Navas calls the wine the daughter of the time made due to the time, so the time is its father and it was created from beginning of the creation. He attributes wine aging to Adam and Noah periods and sometimes to Aad and Thamud. His wine has experienced ZvAlqrnyn and Moses times. To Roodaki, it is a very old wine which is very experienced. In the present study, it was tried, representing a glancing view on Khmryh composing (Anacreontic Verse) and wine describing considering forms of imagination specially similie, to compare subjects such as wine effectiveness, its subtlety, radiance and light, wine bubbles, sanctity, cup bearer, wine glass, drinks party, ceremonial, etc in Roodaki's and Abu Nava's poetic works.

Among Mikhail Lermontov’s works, the novel “A Hero of Our Time” has a special significance. In this article, the theme and structure of the novel “A Hero of Our Time” and the character of its hero were studied and some other issues like the conflict between man and society, human spiritual explorations, typology of “superfluous man”, destiny, tragedy of the burnt generation, etc were analyzed as well. Comparing “A Hero of Our Time” with Pushkin’s “Evgeni Anegin”, we found some similarities and differences in characterization style of the two writers. In the novel of “A Hero of Our Time”, social and psychological issues were studied from philosophical point of view. It also gave an image of a man who was the representative of Russian young generation of third decade of 19th century faced with frustration, remorse and disillusionment after the failure of Decabrists uprising. Although in “Evgeni Anegin” the hero lived before Decabrists uprising and prior to the police government of Nicolay 1st in second decade of 19th century and so he was not as disappointed and extraordinarily secluded as Lermontov’s hero, both of them were typical examples for “superfluous man” in Russian literature. In contemporary literature of Iran, we also came to such enlightened personalities who were in conflict with their own society. Heroes of Akbar Radi’s plays had such characteristics; they were suspicious, revengeful and unstable people. In his book “Gharbzadegi”, Aal-e Ahmad referred to westernization (the tendency toward west) and depersonalization as the source of such view, warning eastern man against feeling subordination to west. In this study, it was tried to investigate common characteristics of such heroes under the title of “superfluous man”.

Lame’i Gorgani, the great poet of the middle of the fifth century, is one of the poets who has had a special position in the history of the Persian literature. Just like his contemporary men of letters and poets, he has paid special attention to the Arabic literature and consequently has derived many contents from Arabic poets. Arabic poetry has had a special influence on the works of this poet which has been manifested itself in different ways. Some of lame’i’s odes were composed based on the structure of primitive Arabic odes or got the concepts and images from them. Moreover, idioms, compound nouns, Arabic sentences, poet names and famous Arabic men of letters were used by this poet in different parts of his Divan to the extent that the influence made him distinguishable among poets in the style of khorasani. By investigating Lame’i Gorgani’s poems, this research for the first time tried to clarify how much Lame’i Gorgani, as one of the poets of the early centuries of the Persian literature, was influenced by concepts, contents, images, and poetic structure of Arabic odes.