فصلنامه پیک نور (علوم انسانی)
سال ششم شماره 4 (زمستان 1387)

As Russell has mentioned, any semantic theory of definite description for sentences of natural language, claiming to be a comprehensive, and at the same time an adequate, one should be capable of resolving their related puzzle. One of the most famous of these puzzles is "the puzzle of substitutivity" in propositional attitude contexts. Russell claims that his quantifying analysis of definite descriptions is capable of solving this puzzle. But we shall see that Russell’s claim is not correct and his analysis fails.

According to metaphysical and mystical point of view, there are five degrees of unity and multiplicity, as follows: Essence, Attributes, Intellect, Soul and Body. The first two degrees belong to Divine Realm, and the rest to the Manifestation. Al-Ahad, the Divine principle, is pure attribute but the level of Attributes and Names, Al-Wahid, receives all predicates. All-Ahad is beyond Being and Al-Wahid is Being. In this paper the difference between these two terms is indicated by clarifying the concepts Absolute- Relative,Alma- Maya, and impersonal Divinity and personal God.

Meaning area of the terms used in a science is regarded as the important subject of that science. Scientists, however, discuss matters such as subject, object, method and some definitions of the main terms of that science before getting through its details. The confusion of terms and words meanings made hard the work forresearchers, so that it can be seen obviously in terms such as "comment bases", "comment principles", "comment rules", "comment methods" and "comment tendencies", etc. This article is an attempt to present a model for separating the meaning and concept of the words: "bases", "principles", and "rules" in the comment science of Qurān.

Sahl-ibn-Abdollah is one of gnostics in third century Higri. He is famous because of his mortification and religious way among gnostics. In this survey his life and works were explained. Sahl is attributed to have several books but there are no more trace available. Another unknown work, states and mind of Sahl, are the subject of this article.

Qurān recitation knowledge was established by prophet Muhammad (P.B.O.H). This knowledge was instructed orally, and then combined with writing. Some of prophet followers became scholars in this area, and after century they originated academic instructions. These instructions helped appear "the seven superior recitators" and after more than a century, these instructions well documented. The historical development isdescribed in this article.

Quran and the family of prophet Muhammad (peace be on him), believe a leadership role of wisdom and its religious command. From Quran’s teaching and the immaculate Imams’ (peace be on them) speeches, the valuability of thought and wisdom are shown, while some groups’ irrationalisms, such as traditionists and partisans of tradition, have been always seen during history. Some groups of Shi’ite and Sunni scholars or jurisprudents, on the other hand, believe in the value of wisdom and its proof; and also used it to deduce religious commands.

In this article Barkly’s view on philosophy of science is studied corresponding semantics, epistemologic and ontologic points of view. Barkly’s approach to the philosophy of science depends on positivism and his notion to language and word usage in scientific theories. The ontology of theoric and related terms consider real entity in this view. Epistemology doesn’t regard scientific theories as the creator of new science,but takes it as a device in order to analyze mathematical data. Semantics fails to accept the truthfulness and falsehood these theories.

The challenge between formative and religious signs or science and religion is one of issues that has had a new novel configuration since few centuries ago. The influence of this phenomenon in forming of epistemology and ontology foundations and also in shaping the way of life of contemporary human beings has been so highly that it is to say modern science and civilization would go another way this event has not happened. Although this challenge appeared in Christian west, it entered in Islam world with the same style and without any attention to its background. This paper tends to review Motahari’s enlightening thoughts in this case that is one of propounded discussions in religion philosophy and also in modern science philosophy.

The Gnostic literature includes Gnostic’s expressions Manifestation of Divine, Unity of Manifestations into Essences, Annihilation, Conservation into Divine Light, Intoxication, Wine, Love, Tarsa- (Christianity), devotion, etc. Gnostic, on this basis, is one who concentrates himself in divine manifestations and is influenced by them, so that his Essence moves and changes towards the Essence of Divine Lights. This motion continues so far as the Essence of Gnostic annihilated and conservated into Divine Lights. The Lord The Gnostic annihilation and conservation of Gnostic into Light of Lights.

Necessity and Authority concepts are the basses of man’s life and this question whether he is able to change life and universe or not. Many life experiences towards Necessity lead him to answer this question and used Authority to analyze heaven powers and causality concept. But Authority acceptance is better for men from functionalism and practical utilitarian perspectives for, he can participate in several areas of life.

Undoubtedly, to have faith in the advent of a word wide emancipator and reformist changed to be a common belief among nations with different cultures and will appear to perform and observe fairness. This paper studies various aspects of the emancipators in five civilized continents of the world. We will finally sum up our discussion by comparing and contrasting the similarities and differences of the concerned symbols and myths for such an emancipatory.

Moral Education is one of the major impacts of an education system and has been a challenging topic considered by many scientists. Since philosophic perspectives are at the basis of educational theories, recognizing values will have impacts on moral education. Kant, one of the most known philosophers, has a special perspective. The theory of combinational proposition is due to him. In this dissertation, beside a brief investigation of axiology views toward beauty, Kant’s view has been studied. From the Kant’s point of view, values are real concepts, i.e. values exist like affairs and everyone can feel them. Kant has also run a work about all tools of acquiring like knowledge wisdom, feeling and intuitive. Here, aesthetic values including painting, poem and speech and their effects on moral education from Kant’s point of view have been studied. Goodwill as a value has an important role in psyche health, security and moral education.

Christianity as one of Abraham religions passed ups and down periods. Saint Mary and Jesus Christ(P.B.O.H) had a lot of troubles with Israelites, their beliefs and superstitions. In many Qurānic verses suspicions to them and their being and also injuries made by Israelites have explained obviously, and after 6 centuries showed a beautiful portrait of mother and son for men.

Although there is a belief that many talion, related commandment, are of religiously imperative nature and exists no reasoning approach to such order, the fact remains that talion cannot, as a punishment, be classified under such a category: it is instead among the first place and the philosophy of development of such orders has its roots in material world. Therefore, it may be discussed from the viewpoints of both religious law and reasoning. Majority of religious jurisprudents believe that such an Islamic commandment may be justified and discussed from a logical point of view

Identity has a comprehensive meaning including: individual, collective, ingroup, tribal and transnational identities. There is no doubt that all youth and children come across with a problem in their identities. Those who had more problems previously, live in this crisis. These individuals may be deceived by some extremist religious groups to know more about their potentials or weaknesses, social values and life goals, and social/ religious beliefs. Children try to get new experiences in order to review their origin, but whenthere is no deep relationship with their parents, so they disappoint. In this case they feel nonsense, dissocialism, wandering and sluggish. Identity crisis is not only one of injurious social factors, but also has negative circumstances such as: divorce, misdemeanance, etc. Our country has young generations, so we confront more identity crisis which leads disobedience and disclaim liability. It has negative effects on people activities, so our authorities should try more to study the effect of identity in society. In this research some key approaches have been given in addition to explain identity crisis, religious identity and identity crisis indexes.

In this survey the unconditional or conditional issuances of treaty supplies for drafts and bills are studied according to the article 292 of trade law. There is also a glance whether the court issues the treaty supply without indemnify or not for an undertake. Checks considering their characteristics is studied here too. In this way an introduction will say whether the article 292 of trade law and the article 108 of are applicable for checks or not. Different views such as legal doctrines and opinions are examined thereafter.