نشریه معماری اقلیم گرم و خشک
سال یکم شماره 1 (زمستان 1390)

«Yazd» is well known as city of «Baud -Geers» (Wind catcher or wind towers). Baud “Geers have become part of the identity of «Yazd»، an exemplar of a desert city in coping with natural forces for many centuries. During the past decades، the living patterns of the traditional people have changed. People have been leaving the old city fabric to move to newly developed sections and the families that have chosen to live in the traditional houses، have mostly been forced or chosen to follow the modern ways of living to have a more comfortable environment. Traditional ways of living in traditional courtyard house has not fulfilled the need of today''s families and summer section of the houses has not been used or has been used differently than before. Relatively cheap and mechanically logical water coolers have replaced the use of the Baud “Geers، so، these magnificent elements of traditional Iranian architecture are exposed to wear and probable destruction. There are many different types of the ways that «Baud-Geers» function and relate to the summer side of the traditional houses and understanding different typologies of the «Baud-Geers» will help the ways to preserve them. This paper presents the results of the study on Yazd traditional «Baud-Geers» to understand different typologies and how they function as a passive cooling element during hot and dry months of the year. The results of the study showed at least three different types that «Baud-Geer» relates to its surrounding spaces. In order to bring back the Baud-Geers«back to life and make them work again; different strategies are given to make the summer side of the traditional houses become functional again. After explaining the design، construction and climatic characteristics of the case studies، the selected design strategies and their components will be presented and finally some guides for action will conclude the paper.

Preparing and providing urban services need a lot of sources such as time, expenditure, human sources from the related organization and instead using of people's participation with collaboration spirit, which can be seen among residents of old texture of Yazd. This is a valuable source for managing urban services in these districts. More than anything else, participation of citizens needs recognizing effective variables of their association. In this research, from descriptive method is used for theoretical formulation, and correlation and descriptive- analytic methods are used for determining the relationship between variables, describing and analyzing findings. Library studies and field survey by the help of questionnaires is used for gathering data.According to the the structure of district division in the old texture of Yazd is with the feeling of local competition, interest in their own district also they are very bigot on local area, of course, these variables have positive and direct effect on the amount of their participation in providing urban services; the habitants of the districts of Dolat Abad just participate in providing urban services whose benefits are more than their expenses; There is not a meaningful difference between the tendency of men and women for participating in the investigated field; eventually, the findings did not show that citizens, who participate previously in the district affair, now have more tendencies for providing necessary urban services in their own district.

From the point of view of Molla Sadra,s philosiophy, creation is in gradual and continuous mood; This Idea is applicable to in architecture and its users. Today's society, unlike past homogenous society, is heterogeneous; such separation exists between place and time, people and their past, and between people themselves. In other words, gap generation that has occurred between nuclear family and the society. Establishing social continuity is based on gradation in population relationships. However,there is a genera ling missing ring called ''Expanded Family'' considered one of the social classes. The purpose of this article is to resurrect the extended family's is an alive social class and provides context of living and gradation in society.According to the reasons of waning the expanded family, the ideogram of the house is shaped on tree model. Tree has provided the fruit whit two food sources which are the root as a common food source and direct sustenance independent of sun and air. The yard is also the food source of the house. In every house, between two backyard and courtyard, the spectrum of spaces is organized from private to common. Houses are united in the courtyard.

The disparate and unbalanced development is one of the most important problems in our cities. Inattention to the past including buildings and context’s natural-historical environment for the different aspects in both demographic and cultural texture and it’s framework and coordinating of new developments with old context or built surrounding, could have many consequences, such as chaos and disparate in urban landscape, gradual loss of urban identity, cultural incompatibility and other outcomes. Because the indigenous and traditional architecture of each place, in a historical continuity and in order to a basic policy of continuity, gradually and over the years has been formed with its nature and environment. This category would include the cultural, social and economic aspects.The sufficient attention to sustainable development of cities in Iran, necessarily will affect on the retrospect. Regarding to the historical contexts design criteria from international charters, declarations and principles, this article is thoroughly reviewing the architectural design characteristics in the historical areas with respect to their authenticity and integrity as an inviolable idea. Therefore according to the proposed criteria by the theorists has been tried to derive the major issues of architectural design in the historical contexts. It can contain a wide range of restoration interventions, conservation and new constructions in adjacent or inside these context. With setting up a table based on the general principles of architectural design and restoration interventions in historic fabrics in this article tried to adopt the related international criteria and guidelines with localization approach.

What usually expected from the conservation of historic buildings is grant new performance and compliance and compatible with human activities within a defined framework architecture. When these considered with the destructed building and it’s not possible to rebuilds it or go to the previous condition does not find it relevant, the revitalization is in an aura of ambiguity and in some cases the restoration is regardless.This article tries to show that a historic building since the creation to the decay has different opportunities for the restoration of which according to its characteristics is available. Brandy’s view on the protection of the heritage grants three times (time of creation, time has been since the moment and time of recognition at the present time) and to take consideration different values for the historic building, creates a field of ruins of the monument to be seen as a art and hidden values in the subject to be revived.Some practical experience of two decades of historical district in Yazd, although independent of these views, and the receipts have been carried out on the ground, it can effectively shows in this view how deal with the decay of a historic building.

Urban historical textures are part of the national and cultural heritage of a country that is not only from an aesthetic perspective, continuation of collective memories, but also due to being the residence and living place of millions of people are valuable. However, these textures for economic, social and managerial reasons contain negative characteristics such as image and landscape chaos, lack of proper access, lack of urban facilities and equipment, disturbances in social and economic structure and physical deterioration that lead to evacuation of a large population from these textures. In fact, a main limitation of the historical urban texture, especially in the central parts of cities is getting out of the cycle and economic life of the city. In simple terms, the loss of economic and financial justification causes capital flight from and lack of investment in these areas.One of the interventions to reduce the gap between the amount of capital and investment in historical textures is gentrification which in its framework, renovations, the measures taken and displacement of population has led to the "improvement of the quality of the environment" and "residing of more prosperous classes of society" and consequently, an increase of turnover and the improvement of the texture from the social, economic, cultural, and environmental perspective. But the question is whether the process of renovation of historical urban textures of Iran can be explained in a theoretical framework of gentrification? For this purpose, it has been tried in these pages to use a descriptive - analytical review of documents – library survey, and to introduce this theory and its aspects and this process is explained in the context of Iran's urbanism structure in order to facilitate this theory and reduce problems of the historical texture of Ardakan, and solutions are proposed in micro and macro scales.

The knowledge of bio-climatic relaxation power in architecture of educational centers and especially, schools is of great importance. Focusing on climatic features and the effects climate has on formation of such buildings may lead to saving in energy consumption in terms of thermal relaxation and conformity of building with climatic condition and it is better and safer environmentally. This study is to examine determining the desirability Yazd schools based on bio-climatic parameters in Yazd renovated schools and use maximum environmental potentials to save energy and enhance relaxation quality in educational environment and make the environment healthy. The method of research is descriphive- analytic and is in the terms of kind of applied research and includes two parts climate and architectureseparalely addrdssed and concluded.In this direction, using climatic 20-years statistics (1365-1385) we studied important weather factors such as temperature, rainfall, moisture, wind and radiation and with the Giunic and Mahanic bioclimatic indices and working temperature using a psychometrical pattern in Owans manner, the climatic relaxation was determined in Yazd. The result shows that about 55 percent of a year, Yazd weather is out of relaxation limit in temperature and moisture.Similarly, according to renewed schools 10-years statistics (1375-1385) in renewal and repair center (school plan and identity certificate), problems like the direction of school building deployment compared with radiation and wind angles, windows dimensions and their roles in class air conditioning, determination of canopy depth and size, the form of school construction and green space in renewed schools were studied and according to findings of this study, it was found that the direction of deployment and orientation (western-eastern extension) is in conformity with climatic parameters. The presence of windows in northern and southern view of schools resulted in better natural air conditioning. About canopies and their standard depth with regard to climatic conditions of this city as well as the kind, extent and place of vegetable cover in Yazd renewed schools have no correspondence with Yazd climatic conditions.