نشریه پژوهش های معاصر در مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 2 (زمستان 1390)

The aim of this study was to identify and to present the indicators and factors that are important in management performance and improving the abilities and professional skill of sport executives. This study is a kind of descriptive – survey study. To collect the datas, a researcher made questionnaire has been distributed among a sample of 171 sport managers. This questioner involved 14 item scale. The questionnaire was found to be both valid and reliable(α=/83). The questionnaire measures the standards through the likert scale that range from 1 (strongly disagree)to 5 (strongly agree).The results showed that, to perform more effectively and more successfully, the executives need to have the following competences and skills: Monitoring the implementation of sport calendars (m=4/35), equipment and facility management (m=4/17), organizing sport teams (m=4/16), managing of sport event (4/87), managing sport camps and sport journeys (m=4/02), planning sport activities (m=3/97).The results, also, showed that according to managers with 10 years of record service, the professional skill and abilities have more significant effects on executives’ job performances in comparison with other groups of managers’ view point. (F169=6/91, p

The sport tourism industry is a service industry, and as such is largely influenced by the quality of the services provided. Also, considering the service quality and satisfaction that are important issues in tourism policy, could be useful for sport tourism development. So, the objective of this research was to determine the effect of sport tourism service quality dimensions on sport tourists’ satisfaction. The research method was descriptive – correlation and the statistical sample consisted of 265 tourists attended to Tehran’s Azadi stadium for watching a football game between Esteghlal and Persepolis in March 2011. The research instrument was a questionnaire that had been used in Shonk’s PhD. dissertation. The validity was approved by doing Exploratory Factor Analysis and opinion of sport management experts. The reliability was verified by Cronbach’s alpha method, α=0/89). The SPSS16 was used to do descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis. Also, Confirmatory Factor Analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were done by LISREL. The results showed the effect of “access quality” (effect coefficient=0/79, T value=4) and “contest quality” (effect coefficient =0/61, T value=2/90) on satisfaction was significant but the influence of “sport complex quality” (effect coefficient =0/06, T value=0/61) on satisfaction was not significant. It can be concluded every dimension of sport tourism service quality has a special effect on the satisfaction of tourists that should be noted.

The aim of this research was to study and comparison between service quality provided by private and public sport clubs in Tehran based on customers viewpoints. This study was a survey research with a descriptive design and was carried out as a field study. By using cluster sampling method, 417 persons who had at least six mounths record of participating in public and private clubs (205 from public clubs and the 212 from private clubs) was selected as sample. Data gathering tool was that Yi Chin Liu questionnaire which was translated and optimized for Persian culture and its validity was confirmed by specialist professors. Reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient (α = 0.91). Mann-Whitney U and independent samples t test were applied for data analysis. The results showed significant difference in service quality between public and private sport clubs (P<0.001). There were also significant difference among service quality component such as tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy (P<0/001). In all of these components, service qualities of private clubs were better than of public ones.

The present study was conducted with propose of Confirmatory modeling of The Iranian Elite Sport Coach Evaluation Scale.This study was performed todescriptive survey way. Fordesigning a scale fore valuating the performance ofthenationalcoachesin theFederations ofranking1 and 2, a list of effective variables on Coaches performance have been provide and aconfirmatory study have been conduct. For this purpose, a Questionnaire consists of 35 components &its reliabilitycoefficient that was determined by themethod of Cronbach's alpha, was equivalent 0.974 (0.01 > P). For collecting the data, were asked 450 people as Elite Athletes, Elite Coaches, and Managers with high Experience in Athletics Sport, Experts and Professors. Due to this, 407 questionnaires were completed. After analyzing the data, Confirmatory Model & Scale of Iranian Elite Sport Coach Evaluation have been made.Results showed that due to this model, there are 5 factors that have the most important at the Iranian Elite Sport Coach Evaluation Criteria. In this confirmatory model the variables & loading of each to introduce each factor have been identified. Goodness’s of Fitness of the model have been accepted & then the model has accepted. Thestructureof exploratoryfactor analysis was confirmed.The 5 factors & variables have been identified to present for managers. In this model, 3 factors of Technical Skills, Leadership Skills, and Special Skills which appearedasindependent variables have affected coaches’ Communications Skills & finally affect coaches’ Practical Skills. The equationof the Communications Skills is composed of Technical Skills, Leadership Skills, and Special Skills which Specialskillsarea negativefactor. In theequation of Operationalskills, communication skills are the only importantfactor. In thestructuralequation, the negative role of specialskills indicates the poor performance of coachesTheproposedscalecanbe usedto evaluatethe performance ofthe national coaches. But should attention to the factor load to each variable and there lationship between the agentsin side model. The role of Communication skills as the center of gravity of the model, is particularly desirable. It is useful for manager to held Refresher courses for coaches to improve their leadership skills &s pecial skill. Also the negative role of specialskills indicates the poor performance of coaches inthis area thatneed tobe consideredin selecting coaches.

The purpose of present research is determining the role and position of security factor in effective factors influencing development of sport tourism based on present situation and optimum situation. The statistical population of this research includes 62 sport expert and specialists including the professors and students of physical education PhD level majoring management and planning. The tool of present research is consisted of a researcher made questionnaire that was distributed after confirming its justifiability and perpetuity ( = 0.38). After describing the data, we used Freidman test for rating the factors and then we used Wilcoxon test for determining mean differences of factors. According to obtained results, from among 12 effective factors influencing sport tourism, security factor and achieving suitable situation, the factor of security gained first rate. After security, the factor of sport events is considerable that gained first rate in present situation and gained 5th rate in optimum situation. Rating of all factors is presented in this article.

Today, football is a phenomenon related to economic issues, which can be a source of income for clubs. This study examines the influence of friends, family status and social interaction skills to motivate viewers to participate in Iran's Premier League matches. 1067 spectators as a voluntarily completed the two_stages stratified sampling method questionnaires after the formal validation by experts and determine its reliability in a pilot study through Cronbach's alpha (75 percent). The questionnaire included 47 questions that have been set based on the Hawkins pattern of consumer behavior. The formal validity of the findings Structural equation model showed that guys operating activities directly and also through other factors the greatest impact in the tournament has attracted spectators contact and pride in community is the least influential factor.The overall results showed that due to community deep tissue, factors such as family and friends in different age groups can play an important role in attracting viewers in Iran That need attention and a more accurate and comprehensive plan to attract them to the tournament is. Also the role of the agent community pride in our country have very little color to attract viewers due to the importance and value of national prejudices and criteria should be strengthened in the presence of people at sporting events.

The aim of this paper is identifying behavioral barriers of Corporate Entrepreneurship in P.E organization (sport ministry). The population of this survey study is all the experts & managers of P.E organization & subjects are chosen on the basis of Morgan table who were 92 persons. Questionnaire of corporate entrepreneurship was main tools for data gathering & they were analyzed by SPSS software with one sample T test and Freedman test for prioritizing the elements. The results showed that "administrator's characteristics", "Leadership style", "organizational culture", and "organizational conflict" are the most important barriers of corporate entrepreneurship in this organization and the main reason for decreasing innovation. So some effective actions like delegation of authorities to creative people are highly recommended. Finally, some more suggestions for getting rid of barriers in corporate entrepreneurship is presented too.

Hamstring shortness has important role on spinal curvatures but this relationship has been minimally researched. The aim of this study was to investigate if hamstring length has a relationship with thoracic kyphosis in two groups of girls with and without hyperkyphosis. One hundred students participated in this study (50 girls with normal kyphosis and 50 girls with hyperkyphosis) who had no pathology and surgery history in spinal column and hamstring. Hamstring flexibility was measured with Velz-test and popliteal angle method and kyphosis was measured by flexible ruler. Pearson correlation coefficient and independent sample t-test was used for correlations and mean differences tests, respectively (P<0.05). Results showed that the girls with thoracic hyperkyphosis had shorter hamstring length than the girls with normal thoracic kyphosis (p<0.05). There was no significant relationship between hamstring length and thoracic kyphosis in girls with normal kyphosis, but there was significant negative relationship between hamstring length and thoracic kyphosis in girls with hyperkyphosis. According to the findings of this study, girls with hyperkyphosis might have less hamstring flexibility therefore it can be concluded that there would be a relationship between thoracic hyperkyphosis and hamstring length in girls. It is recommended to consider these findings in corrective exercises for subjects with hyperkyphosis and/or hamstring tightness.

Much evidence has shown that exercise can increase Bone Mineral Density (BMD), but there is still uncertainty about type and intensity of exercise that provides maximum anabolic stimulus and effect especially on bone. The purpose of this study was to compare the BMD of Bastani athletes with those of Soccer Players and age - matched Non- athletes.Subjects comprised of 20 male athletes (10 Bastani athletes and10 Soccer players) and 10 non- athletes aged 30-45 years participated in the present study. The athletes selected from Hamadan clubs, previously had at least 20 years regular activity in their fields. The non athletes had no regular physical activity in their life. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured by DEXA. Descriptive and inferential statistics (ANOVA) methods were used to analyze the data. Statistical analysis indicated that BMD at lumbar spine and femoral neck were significantly higher in soccer players and bastani athletes compared to those of non-athletes (P≤0/05). Furthermore, Bastani athletes had significantly higher BMD at lumbar spine compared to soccer players (P≤0/05). Moreover, BMD of femoral neck was slightly higher in Bastani athletes compared to soccer players but the difference was not significant (P≥0/05). The results of the present study demonstrated that Bastani exercise’s similar to other sports activities, can have positive effects on BMD of athletes especially in lumbar spine. Therefore, it is concluded that Bastani exercise is an effective exercise on BMD which can prevent the athletes from osteoporosis.