مجله دانش زراعت
پیاپی 4 (1390)

The effects of fertilization methods on seed yield and yield components of lentil (lens culinaris cv. Gachsaran) were evaluated in the research field of College of Agriculture of Lorestan University during 2009. The experiment was conducted on the basis of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included three levels of chemical fertilizer, triple super phosphate [50 (C1), 100 (C2), 150 (C3) kg.ha-1], three levels of phosphatic biofertilizer Barvar-2 [25 (B1), 50 (B2), 75(B3) g.ha-1], six levels of integrated fertilizer [I1= (C1+ B1), I2= (C1+B2), I3= (C1+B3), I4= (C2+B1), I5= (C2+B2), I6= (C2+B3)] and control treatment (C0B0). The effect of various treatments on grain yield was significant at P=0.01, and maximum (I3) and minimum (control) corresponding values were 442/6 and 279/1 kg.ha-1, respectively. Plant dry matter was also significantly affected by different treatments at P= 0.01, as the maximum and minimum values were related to treatment I3 and control, respectively. The effects of different treatments on the number of branch per plant, the number of pods per plant and harvest index were significant at P= 0.01. The results of this study showed that the integrated treatment (I3) had positive effect on all agronomical traits of lentil. So application of 75g/ha phosphatic biofertilizer Barvar-2 + 50kg/ha chemical fertilizer super phosphate triple produced the highest seed yield of lentil under the region conditions.

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of plant density and cultivars on seed yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.) under the climatic conditions of Khorramabad at the Agriculture Research Station of Sarab Changaei. This experiment was a factorial on the basis of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four plant densities (6.5, 7.5, 8.5 and 9.5 plant/m2), three corn cultivars (301, 647, and SC.704) and 3 replications. Traits of seed yield, 1000 seed weight, corn cob weight, total dry matter, and row number per ear, seed number per row and harvest index were measured. According to the results cultivar SC.704 was the superior one relative to the other cultivars as well as the plant density of 8.5 plants/m2. Mean comparison showed that the highest seed yield was related to cultivar SC 704 with the plant density of 8.5 plant/m2 (7700 kg/ha) and the minimum seed yield was resulted by cultivar SC 301 and the plant density of 9.5 plant/m2 (3933 kg/ha). The highest 1000 seed weight was obtained from cultivar SC 647 with the plant density of 8.5 plant/m2 and the highest row number per ear (16.86) was related to cultivar SC 301 with the plant density of 6.5 plant/m2. Also, the highest seed number per row (28.03) and the highest seed number per ear (411.7) were resulted by cultivar SC 704 and the plant density of 6.5 plant/m2.

The main purpose of this research was to evaluate how duration and priming method may affect the germination and growth of cumin seed (Cuminum cyminum L.). The study was carried out in 3 replication by using a randomized completely block (RCB) design. The experimental treatments included: control, [hydro-priming in two durations of 24 and 48 h], [osmo-priming (0.2% of KNO3 in 24 and 48 h, 0.3% of KNO3 in 24 and48 h)], [hormo-priming (GA3 500ppm in 24 and 48h, GA3 1000ppm in 24 and 48h)]. Results showed that the highest length of seedling was related to the pre-treatment by 0.3% KNO3 and GA3 500ppm in 24 h. Also the maximum length of roots was related to 0.3% KNO3 and hydro-priming in 24h. The highest germination percentage was resulted under hydro-priming in 24h and the maximum fresh weight of seedling shoot was related to the pre-treatment by 0.3% KNO3 in 24h. According to the vigor index there were not significant differences among the 24-hour treatments, however the maximum vigor index was resulted by pre-treatment with GA3 500 ppm. Also, the increase in pre-treatment duration had a negative effect on the vigor index especially by the osmo pre-treatment. Pre-treatment for 24 hours improved the germination ability of seeds and hydro-priming may be suggested as the most effective treatment in comparison with the other treatments, as it increased seed germination, vigor index and also has also lower cost and higher simplicity.

In this research work the relative resistance of rice (Oriza sativa L.) cultivars to the Blast disease, resulted by the fungi Magnaporthe grisea Sacc. was determined using their progressive disease curve. Fifty eight internal cultivars and the line of Omidbahksh were tested under greenhouse and field conditions. Phenotyping tests were conducted on blast nursery uisng a randomized complete block design with two replicates. In the greenhouse test two species of blast IA-82 and IA-90 were tested in a randomized block design with two replicates. The tested traits consisted of infection type (IT), percent of diseased leaf area (DLA) (in nursery) and lesion number (LN) and size (LS,mm2) in greenhouse condition. Under upland nursery conditions, IR24, F125 and F120-2 exhibited the lowest disease severity (IT=1-2) and area under the growth progressive curve (AUDPC= 20-30). Varieties and lines like Domsiah, Hasani, F35-1 and F63-3 showed the highest disease severity (IT=3-5) and area under the growth progressive curve (AUDPC=50-60). The different rice cultivars indicated different responses versus the two fungal species. Overall, all genotypes were divided in three groups with high, intermediate and susceptible resistance to the disease. To achieve durable resistance, cultivars with partial resistance are preferred.

In order to study the effects of phosphate biofertilizer Barvar 2 and triple super phosphate fertilizer on yield, quality and nutrient uptake in Medicago scutellata, cv. Robinson, a field research work was done in the Research Field of Agricultural College, Shahed University, located in Tehran, Qom highway in 2006. The treatments included phosphate biofertilizer Barvar 2 at two levels including control and triple super phosphate fertilizer at the levels of control, 75, 150, and 225 kg/ha. The experiment was carried out as a factorial on the basis of randomized complete block design with three replications. After sampling, yield, protein, fiber, phosphorous (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), nitrogen (N), and sodium (Na) uptake were determined in the plant samples. The results showed that the amounts of yield, protein, fiber and nutrients including P, K, Ca, and N was the highest with the application of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer at 75 kg/ha, The lowest level of yield, protein, fiber and nutrient uptake was related to the control treatments of biofertilizer and triple super phosphate.

In order to evaluate the growth indices and effective morphological and physiological traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using the multivariate statistical method, an experiment was conducted on the basis of randomized complete block design with three replications in Meshkin Shahr, Ardabil province in 2007. During and at the end of the growth season some physiological and morphological characters such as yield and yield components, growth indices, etc. of 10 wheat cultivars were measured. Analysis of variance showed that the variety effect on the majority of traits was significant. Also results showed that there was high variability among different plant properties including height, number of days to flowering, biological yield, seed yield, 1000-kernel weight, number of seed per spike, crop growth rate (CGR), and total dry matter (TDM). In order to evaluate the correlations between the traits, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. Results showed that correlation between leaf area index (LAI) and seed yield, number of day to flowering, biological yield, straw yield, CGR and TDM was positive but correlation between LAI with awn length, spike length and harvest index (HI) was negative. Cultivars Hamon, Shiraz and Niknejad were the superior ones with regard to the wheat yield and yield components.

Grain yield has a usually the low heritability, consequently to predict this trait it is recommended to use some morphological characters having a high heritability with high correlation with grain yield. To study of relationships between traits and to find out traits having the high influence on grain weight, 36 winter wheat cultivars were planted through a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Based on soil analysis chemical fertilizers were used before seed planting. The differences among cultivars for all traits were significant, with exception of time to seedling emergence and time to heading. Flag leaf width and distance flag leaf to spike traits showed the highest heritability whereas the lowest heritability was estimated for time to seedling emergence and flag leaf length. The correlation between 1000 grain weight and time to seedling emergence, flag leaf width was positive, and plant height at heading time and plant height was negative and significant (P≤0.01). In multiple regression analysis by stepwise method, plant height at heading time, spike length, flag leaf length and flag leaf width traits were entered into model and used in path analysis for 1000 grain weight. Flag leaf length had the highest direct and negative effect on grain weight. At factor analysis three main factors including effective factor on yield, Photosynthesis and ripening period were identified. In studied cultivars, the Flag leaf width and plant height at heading time can be used as selection index for 1000 grain weight.

Experiments were carried out for optimization of conditions for morphogenic callus production and regeneration of carrot (Daucus carota L.) using four cultivated cultivars in Iran. Hypocotyl segments were cultured on medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l 2,4-D for callus initiation and proliferation. Small portions of calli (25 mg) were cut and transferred to new media with different concentrations of 2,4-D including 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/l. Results showed that low level of 2,4-D was more effective in morphogenic callus production although its high concentrations caused more callus growth. Kinetin in concentration of 0.1 mg/l was also more effective for regeneration than benzyl amino purine (1 mg/l), especially according to embryoid production. MS and MSm media were used in the experiments to identify the differences between these two media according to callus, embryoid and plantlet production. Obtained results showed that MSm is more useful than MS medium for callus production and regeneration of carrot plantlets. Among tested cultivars improved Nantes had more capability to produce viable plantlets.