فصلنامه پیک نور (علوم انسانی)
سال هشتم شماره 2 (تابستان 1389)

Metathesis as a phonological phenomenon is the focus of many studies. According to the range of application, Metathesis can be sporadic or regular. It links synchronic studies of language to diachronic ones and thereby has some consequences for phonological theory. The main aim of this article is to elucidate the conditions under which metathesis occurs synchronically and diachronically in Persian. In this paper, metathesis is viewed from diferent aspects especially historical one. And particular attention is paid to its causes and contexts. Then, metathesis in Persian and Pahlavi (A Middle Iranian language) is examined; finally its patterns and involvd sounds in optimality Theory are illustrated.

Nizâmî Ganjavi has special place in literature history of Iran and world. He wasan expert in intellectual and traditional sciences in addition to poetry and speech.His fluent writing style leads him link emotional feeling with moral issues anddescribe beautiful sceneries of nature, prominent characteristics of man and lifeaspects. Considering the evidence of dramatic dimensions in his stories, westudied and introduced one of his masterworks, Khusraw o Shirin.

Each phenmenon leads going to extremes if there is no moderation and consequently begins to decline. Mysticism also confronts some internal declination despite its whole intellectuality. Sometimes is was used as a device by opportunists and hypocrites. Jami, one of the most important poets and intellects, studied about personal and social motivations and some characteristics of pseudo mystices in the Masnavi of Haft Orang.

Mysticism and Gnosticism have devoted a large portion of Persian Literature. What has been most directly and indirectly accounted for in this regard, directly and indirectly, is the Saint (guide man) which is the most important factor in the ways of mysticism and the axis on which the Gnostic discussions are based. Saint as a topic is brought forth in the discussions of Sanā'ī, Attar and Mowlana who are on top of Iranian mysticism. Each mystic believes on some differences, similarities and special ideas about saint. In this article, their ideas are studying in Hadiga Tul Haqiqat, Mantiq-ol-Tayr and Masnavi.

Masnavi of Mowlana is one of "Educational works" in persian Literature. Nowadays, education styles is an important subject of arguments. A comprehensive model of his educational styles was necessary since there was a variety of educational styles in Mowlana's works. The author found the model in the book "A review on Islamic Education" and studied Mowlana's education styles based upon this book. From educational science viewpoints, a teacher sets a genceral instruction for education considering human beings’ traits and names it "element"; he/she reveals some detailed procedures to accomplish general instructions. Mowlana uses this process in his parable stories. In this article, five base and elements as well as his educational styles are brought in Masnavi's stories.

One of the most important tasks of a text editor is finding the refferences and poets of a prose version. The researcher not only tried to relief the abstruseness of text but also introduced some proses and anecdotes which resembled the writer’s opinions.

This research shows that all elements of Shahnameh have been used firmly and prominently, although the elements of story are discussed more in prose. Indeed, Ferdowsi's work precedes the other Literary works and also some of his used elements are equal with the other great works in world. Plot in the story of Siavash is categorized as one of the lovely and risky events in Shahnameh. It should be noted that existence of logical incidents and the causality among them is one of the factors that causes this firmness. Sometimes dialogues are also forming the plot. In this essay, by mentioning incidents and representing the cause and effect relationship between them, we depict the plot in the story of Siavash and also Ferdowsi's art in writing, according to recent writing principals.

New Persian poem is important in several attitudes so that some iranian critical writers discussed about it. Ahams Shamloo is one of the most famous of Persian poets whose poems is analyzed by critical persian writers. He attends to Christ and The Christendom in his poems. This led him to apply the story of Christ's life and his events that is adapted with Evangels's contexts. This application shows that Shamloo like Khaghani in classical Persian literature and Nazek Al-malaekeh, Badr Shaker Al-Sayyab, Mahmoud Dervish and Al-Bayati in new Arabic literature created a new method for nice imaginagtions in his works. This article is based on two kinds of applying aboutr this matter in Shamloo's poems: First he tries to apply this matter as a pattern for his ideas. In the second type by creating individua, extraordinary exact, new and nice images he describes Christ's life as eminent creature.

Freedom is one of those terms that has been used in a political sense after Constitutionalism. It has got political, social and humanitarian dimensions in New poetry. In political sense, freedom refers to the goals of champions andintellectuals in different parties to abolish the Pahlavi government. In the social sense, it is regarded as the noblest and the most important humane feature of human being. Shamloo, Kasrai and Ebtehaj have given different dimensions to feedom in New Poetry. In the present paper, the poem of the above-mentioned three poets are explored. Hence, freedom, its related issues and opposite ones areinvestigated.

Simin Behbahani is known a successful poet in the women poem area after Parvin Etesami and Forough Farrokhzad. Her poems are special in the Iranian contemporary Literature because of their content and form. Her main art is lyrics. In this way she achieved such a great success so she should be realy known as the contemporary new lyrics representative. This type of lyrics is affected by New Poem and used its possibilities such as language and content. She uses her mind imaginary rather using repetitive purporsts in her lyric's base and in this manner she achieved the word's revival. She knows poem's components including lyrical or linguistic charateristics and tries to show a new style in her lyrics. In this article, artistic and poetical innovations of poet introduced concisely; and the poem's prosody and rime is discussed accompanying her political lyrics.

This study focuses on the way English for specific academic purposes (ESAP) programs are running in Iran. More specifically, it discusses the problems and possible solutions in this way regarding the necessity of conducting needs analysis (NA) studies. To make the picture clearer, a brief history of the ESAP and particularly, its status in the setting of Iran's universities during the previous 20 years is collected and presented based on the review of the related literature. More over, 8 ESAP policy makers and 10 material developers are interviewed about their perceptions regarding the present problems and possible solutions in the remit of ESAP. Their answers are recorded and subjected to the content analysis. As a result of the data analysis, some problems and possible solutions in this wayare developed and discussed. Implications and suggestions for further researchstudies are also put forward.