مجله پژوهش های حبوبات ایران
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، بهار و تابستان 1390)

Sowing date is the most important factor in physiological and morphological characteristics with positive effects on plants. To evaluate the effect of sowing date and weed interference on yield and yield components of red beans cultivars a factorial split plot experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in the Research Field of Zanjan University. Main plots included combinations of three levels of red bean cultivars (standing cultivar, Derakhshan; semi standing cultivar, Sayyad; prostrate cultivar, Goli) with sowing dates at two levels (30th of May and 13th of June). Subplots included weed interference at tow levels (weed infested and weedy check). Analysis of variance showed that the difference of cultivars in most traits were significant. The weed interference had a significant effect on all traits except for seed weight and harvest index. Sowing date was not significantly different in all traits. Goli and Derakhshan cultivars had the highest grain yield and total dry matter per hectare with quantities of 1188 and 3462 kg per ha, respectively. Weed decreased grain yield and dry matter to half. Goli cultivar in the first sowing date had the highest weed density and dry weight at the end of season. The highest weed density and dry weight also contributed to broadleaved weeds. It was concluded that the Goli cultivar, due to higher performance in both sowing dates and weed interference condition was the best candidate for cultivating in Zanjan.

Seed loss at harvesting time is one of the factors reducing seed yield in at farms. This study was carried out within a Research Farm in Karaj to evaluate and select a proper pinto bean line for mechanized harvesting at two moisture contents during harvesting and their effect on seed yield and yield loss among three lines of pinto bean. The experiment was split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot included pinto bean lines with three levels (KID-31, 118116 and Cos16) and the sub plot included seed moisture content during harvesting with two levels (%17±2 and %12±2). These lines were evaluated and compared for seed loss at farm. Results showed that there was a significant difference between lines in seed yield. The highest amount of seed yield belonged to Cos16 with 1612.9 kg.ha-1. Also this line had the lowest loss during harvesting when the moisture content of seeds was %12±2. There was a positive correlation between seeds moisture content and amount of seed loss showing the best moisture content for mechanized harvesting as %12±2. In addition, there were no significant differences among lines for this trait.

In order to evaluate and selection of drought tolerant chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes and to identify the best indices for drought tolerance, an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Neyshabour during 2005-2006 growing season. In this study, 150 Kabuli chickpea genotypes from Mashhad Chickpea Collection of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, were evaluated in Augmented Design for Preliminary Yield Trials with 6 controls (including drought-sensitive variety, current cultivars and local check). Quantitative drought tolerance and susceptibility indices such as stress tolerance index (STI), stress susceptibility index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), tolerance index (TOL) and harmonic mean (HM) were estimated based on seed yield in stress and non stress conditions. There were significant differences among genotypes for drought tolerance indices except for TOL and SSI. The highest seed yield in stress condition was found in genotypes MCC302, MCC427, MCC352, MCC1, MCC50, MCC62, MCC118 and MCC423 with 960, 905, 638, 625, 609, 602, 592, and 581 kg/ha, respectively. The highest seed yield in non-stress condition was observed in genotypes MCC312, MCC380, MCC304, MCC50, MCC117, MCC427, MCC301 and MCC311 with 2185, 1856, 1820, 1636, 1622, 1567, 1520 and 1514 kg/ha, respectively. According to the results of regression analysis, MP, STI, GMP and HM indices in chickpea were the best indices for selection drought tolerant genotypes of chickpea. Based on these results, genotype numbers of MCC50, MCC352 and MCC427 are recommended as drought tolerant chickpea genotypes.

Drought is the main constraint limiting chickpea productivity which makes a considerable difference between the potential and actual yield. In order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on different morpho-physiological characteristics of chickpea, four distinct genotypes were studied in three sampling times (pre-stress, stress and recovery) with three replications. As the results implicated, it is supposed that the tolerance or the sensitivity to drought is determined by the devotion of photosynthetic assimilates to different organs of plant during stress period and the misappropriation of plant assimilate to shoot parts is a reason of sensitiveness e.g. in MCC759. It assumed that increasing the ratio of root dry weight to total dry weight (R/T) under stress condition leads to drought tolerance in ICC4958 and MCC696 due to reduction of water loss through aerial parts.

Effects of seed priming by salicylic acid on yield and yield components of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivar “Parastou” were investigated under water deficit conditions. Experiment was carried out as a split block design with three replications in 2008-2009 at research station of Zanjan University. Factors included drought stress as main factor with three levels (normal irrigation, application of water deficit at flowering and podding stages) and priming with salicylic acid as a sub factor with five levels (0, 900, 1800, 2700, 3600 µM). Irrigation and salicylic acid had significant effects on yield and yield components. Interaction between irrigation and salicylic acid was significant only for number of pods in stem, number of pods in branches, 100 seed weight, biomass and yield. Mean comparison showed that yield and yield components decreased in water deficit compared to irrigated treatment. Seed priming with salicylic acid increased pods length, number of pods, number of seeds, 100 seed weight, biomass, yield and harvest index in both irrigated and water deficit conditions. Seed priming with 2700 µM salicylic acid increased yield and yield components compared to other treatments in irrigated and water deficit conditions where 4424, 3437 and 2475 kg.ha-1 yield achieved in regular irrigation, water stress at flowering stage and at podding stage, respectively.

Earliness and drought escape are as a primary strategy for plant adaptation in regions that plants are subjected to terminal drought stress. Plants react to drought through morphological changes and alteration in physiological behavior. Accordingly, two separate experiments to assess the response of yield and morphophysiological characteristics of earliness chickpea genotypes to drought stress were carried out. In the field experiment, days to flowering and yield of 30 earliness chickpea genotypes with drought tolerant genotypes were evaluated in drought stress (Rain fed) and non stress (Irrigated) conditions as a split plot design with three replications, during 2007-8. In the second experiment, five candidate’s chickpea genotypes with commercially Jam cultivars in stress conditions (25 percent field capacity) and control (field capacity) were studied in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that days to flowering is mainly controlled genetically and the effect of environmental factors, especially soil moisture condition was negligible. Wide range of yield reduction due to drought stress (23 to 86 percent) approved a high variation among the genotypes in response to drought stress. In stress environment, significant and negative correlation between days to flowering and seed yield, confirmed drought escape strategy in early flowering genotypes. MCC80, MCC392, MCC78, MCC552 and MCC537 genotypes produced high yield in stress and non stress environments. Also, the stress tolerance index in these genotypes was higher than that of average genotypes studied, therefore mentioned genotypes are suggested as drought tolerant genotypes. It seems that in the screened genotypes in this experiment due to their nature of earliness and drought escape strategy, the tolerance mechanisms to drought stress have not been created or not fully evolved. Therfore there weren’t significant differences among screened earliness genotypes and control in respect to most traits for drought tolerance

This experiment contained four vetch lines (Vicia panonica) that conducted in two locations (Faruj and Bojnourd) in 2005-2006 in RCBD design with four replications under dryland conditions. Analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences among lines in different locations about all traits, except 100-seed weight. The interaction of genotype×location was significant on all traits, except days to flowering. The line no. 4 with 1154 kg/ha seed yield and 2465 kg/ha biological yield was the best line in Bojnord. According to the results, line no. 4 as a cold stress tolerant could be cultivated as fall season in cold drylands.

In order to study the correlation between morphophenological and quantitative traits with yield and to determine the most important traits for yield, 600 ecotypes of mung bean were evaluated in normal and limited irrigation conditions through Augmented design. Computation of correlation coefficients showed that in two conditions, number of pods per plant, harvest index and biological yield had the most positive and significant correlation coefficient with economical yield. The stepwise regression analysis showed that in non-stress condition number of pods per plant, harvest index, pod length, plant height, 100- weight seed and in stress condition, number of pods per plant, harvest index, pod length, 100 seed weight, number of nods per stem, days to 90% maturity, were more important traits. Path analysis showed that in stress and in non- stress conditions number of pods per plant and harvest index had the most effect on yield. Also factor analysis showed that in stress and in non- stress conditions, four factors illustrated the most of variation that factor 2 was more important than other factors. This factor contains number of pods per plant, harvest index and economical yield traits.

Eight faba bean genotypes and one local (Barkat) as control were evaluated for three successive years (2000-2003) in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications at Gorgan Agricultural Research Station. This study was carried out to determine the morphological traits, yield components and yield stability to select the best genotypes. Simple and combined analysis of variance showed a significant difference.

In order to select the suitable lines of red bean for Chahharmahal & Bakhtiari province, this experiment was conducted in Lordegan & Boldaji regions at 2001-2005. At the first year, single plants of local red bean (from Lordegan, Ardal, Boldaji, Dastgerd Emamzadeh and Gandoman regions) were selected at research farm for phenotypic characters, yield and yield components. At the second year, selected plants were sowed at lines with Naz, Sayyad and Lordegan local variety as controls and analyzed by histogram method. At the third and fourth years, selected lines were sowed in rectangular lattice design and analyzed. At fifth year, selected lines were sowed at randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in two regions (Lordegan and Boldaji). Results of third year showed that L1, G17 and A15 lines were better than control Naz.