فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 3 (تابستان 1388)

Tourism development in every geographical place brings Environmental impact along with positive and negative economic and social consequences. In case of containing it can follow improbable harm. In this respect this research is evaluate environmental impact affected by tourism development is coast of Ramsar city. The case study is Caspian coast and Ramsar city that attract a lot of internal tourism every year. the finding and questionnaire supplemented by inhabitants show that development of this kind of tourism has followed great environmental impacts that some of important ones including destruction of plant covers, pollution of coast water and damaging coast land escape.

Kermanshah County is located in the west of Iran. It has 857 villages and its area is 5615 Km2 that is equivalent to 22.9% of total area of Kermanshah province. This region is portion of thrust and folding zone. In view of, significance of recognition of natural factors role on the emplacement to rural habitat ant and role of these factors to create an environmental prone circumstances and/or vice versa, in his research try to study on the effective physical factors to settlement of rural places and county zonation on the basis of each of those factors. Thus, 9 factors note as effective factors to zonation including to: karstic springs, major rivers, faults, climatic elements (for example: precipitation, evaporation, temperature), elevated, radiant, litho logy. This factors statistics analyzed in G.I.S. environment to get a map that showed rural situations at suitable, normal and unsuitable. From these results can recognize villages holding different situation (suitable, normal and unsuitable) using to produce maps. This map can help to prevention or decline of likely hazards from unrespectable accidences and also different planning.

Ecololgy is a greek word, that eco means life environment, home and house andlogy means knowledge. Ecologic system is a system in cluding population, environment. Technology system by effecting eachother in these recent decades. In spite of various administrator development of rural areas have been ignored. Although immigration tocities is growing day to day and the population of rural areas as a center of agriculture population have been decreased and the number of city population is increasing. Challenge in ecology and natural areas has coused not using best from water source and decreasing under ground water and this has caused the limitation of water source of and increasing desert also the scope of little in creasing in rural areas has decreased the job opportunities and as are ssult has increased the scop of unemployment that has increased a lot of immigration to cities. Garizat part like most of our areas in our country has ecologic potential andcan be used in different part like tourist attraction. The way of doing consideration has been like library and squar based on the result of the research no enough paying attention and no required enough loons caused nature phenoment a have not been used in development. One of the reason of this situation is no paying attention to phenoment ecologic communication after entering industry to these section.

In the first day, the human has been struggling in order to shape the ecosystem. In fact, the most intensity was when they decided to have noting migrant and to be a resident life. The most deep-seated environmental modification against the nature that had been realized in the history of the human being has started at this time. Even the development and downfall of civilizations are correlated to this interaction between the human being and nature. It is undoubtedly true that Dams are one of the most important hydraulic structures in water resources. They were usually constructed before gaining complete information about hydrology, Hydraulic and hydromechanics parameters. However, construction of dams has any positive effects, for instance flood controlling and water supply. The most reason of the possible negative impacts in the form of increasing socioeconomic challenges, lack of water and flood, droughts, migration of people and animals, pollution, declining soil quality, infectious and other diseases, threat of earthquakes and other problems that could harm the quality of life and flora and fauna. The mentioned effects have taken into account in the environmental impact assessment concept.

Tehran has been as a center, main city and focal point of giving all decisions large and small politics in field of various points such as official, political-economical and social. This focus politics caused focal activities likes economical, social, educational and etc which has made several and various job opportunities so these several job opportunitiesattracted many populations from all over the country.Now this question brings up that among focal economical and increasing population ofTehran has connected. According the above question many questions are bringing up, so in this article just paysattention to 2 pivotal questions. 1. How much is the focal several of economical activities in province, cities of Tehran?2. What has been focal economical activities effected in increasing population andextension of physical framework of Tehran mega city? For research in this article used library and study documents methods such as using the result of Population and Housing & Census etc. Also spss soft wave and two variable equation (y= a+bx) has used for assimilation. Result of this research show that among the rate of social activities (industry and services) and increasing population which makes immigrations has meaningful relation and in this relation portion of services department as compared with industry department is more. Increasing population in Tehran mega city has made various problems likes traffic,environmental and Causes of these reasons should examine in order to forecast suitable program for decreasing immigration.

Today, urban poverty is one of the most socio-economic challenges of the many developing countries which many urban authorities try to alleviate its impact. According to a statistic one hundred thousands people are adding in the main slums world-wide each day. This study tries to investigate urban poverty and its main features in Iran. The main approach is oriented towards Radicalism and the research method is based on analytical and descriptive interpretation. In this study by using two indexes which include: a) the proportion of urban households resided in less duration housing, b) the proportion of four member households per room. Each of these indexes can show the state of poverty and they are used to study the level urban poverty among the provinces of the country by applying standard scores method. The results revealed that the urban poverty growth in developing countries accelerated the extent of the poverty in one hand and lack of full consideration of governments to their authorities in practice dulled the future of urban poor. Iran, like other countries initiated to combat with poverty according to the 1996 convention. At present the country has 10.5 percent of its population under the absolute poverty line. Among different provinces the semi- desert areas of Southern Khorasan, Sistan -Balouchestan, Yazd and Kerman had the most poor households with respect to the first index and the provinces of Sistan-Balouchestan., Ardabil, Lorestan, Kermanshah had the most poor families by the second index. Such conditions, highlights the role of urban authorities to target the regional balance for eliminating poverty.

Today, sustainable development in all dimensions of community is intentioned. Considering to goals dimensions of development and characteristics of different communities (facilities, restrictions, etc), achieving sustainable development, especially in urban sustainability must adopt solutions that can; including the local development with the citizen's participation is desired. In this article neighborhood, its characteristics, importance and necessity of local development and use of neighborhood sustainable pattern has been considered. More, in order to determine the roll of local development, Evin's neighborhood is analyzed as case study and the social and economic dimensions of sustainable development through a questionnaire have been extracted. The results show that during council establishment, meeting with people and using the expertise and skills of neighborhood residents in neighborhood management has increased and help create small corporation in neighborhood has not changed much.

Elections, as a political behavior, indicates a level of participation in politics, in which every body in every society takes part to support, correct and change it, and assign part of nation’s will in handling affairs to the state. There are a variety of factors which affect this process: one of them is geographic. Therefore, here a new concept is posed: geography election. Geographic of election is a new discussion within the scope of geographic in Iran, which deals with study on the factors that affect the election’s results, particularly the behavior of voters, through understanding different election areas. These factors may exert different effects on the election results. Review and study on these factors prove to be helpful both for rulers and political parties. They can use the results which they may obtain in elections in future. Present research intends to analyze people’s behavior in elections of Noshahr and Chalous poll stations in the eighths elections of parliament including the role of parties, source groups, local figures, nominee’s education and experiences.