فصلنامه سالمند
پیاپی 23 (زمستان 1390)

Compared to other age groups, older people, especially frail older people residing in nursing homes use medications more due to the higher prevalence of chronic diseases. This study aimed to investigate prescription patterns for older people in nursing homes of Tehran in 2011. In this cross-sectional study, the data of 170 older people, sampled random cluster gathering method, using medical records, questionnaires and interview with nurses and physicians. The data analyzed using descriptive statistics including mean, distribution, Chi-square, t-test, Fisher, and SPSS version 16 (pv<0.05). The mean average age of the sample was 79.75. 64.7% of them were female. 62.4% received more than 5 types of medicines. The mean number of medicines was 7.55 with the ranging of 1-19 drugs. The most medicine forms used by older people were: tablets 98.2%, injection medicines 20.6 %, drops 13.5%, syrup 8.8%, sprays 6.5%, ointments and suppositories 2.9%. The following medicines were used the most used among older people respectively: Central Nervous System drugs, vitamins, cardiovascular drugs, hematologic and gastrointestinal drugs. Vitamins (81.2%), ASA (37.64%), Alprazolam (22.35%) were the most used drugs. There was not a significant relationship between participating in geriatric educational course And the mean numbers of the prescribed medications (pv=0.054)., as well as between covering by health insurance specialty in medicine and the mean of the numbers of mediations (pv=0.068). There was a significant relationship between having insurance and the mean number of prescribed medicine (pv=0.05). Developing educational programs on geriatric pharmacology general practitioners and more supervision on residential care homes practices may have affects on prescription pattern.

Life expectancy and adolescents’ increment, as a threat or opportunity attracted researchers’ attention. Studies show an increase in treatment expenditures and adults care needs in comparison to other age groups. The goal of this study has been evaluating of medicine prescription in Iranian SSO insured adolescents and comparison in adolescence groups. It has been a retrospective, descriptive-analytical-cross sectional study by evaluating of SSO insured out patients’ prescriptions during the Year 1388. The information includes basic pattern tables consist of Drug name, pattern of specific prescribed drugs, Mean price of specific prescribed drugs, Expenditure of specific prescribed drugs, pattern More prescribed drug groups based on ATC classification, pattern The most prescribed drug groups based on adolescents’ age groups, non-adolescent group and WHO’s separated adolescents’ age groups. The prescribed pattern drugs mean in under and over 60 years old people showed meaningful difference(p<0.005). The prescribed pattern drugs mean in three groups of adolescents, also showed meaningful difference (p<0.001). In addition the expenditure mean of prescribed drugs in under and over 60 years old people and in three groups of adolescents shows meaningful difference as p<0.004 and p<0.001 respectively.Discussion and Based on the results of this study, adolescence has direct and increasing effect on refers to physicians and pharmacies. Among the adolescent's groups the expenditure mean increases although the number of refers decrease with in age increasing. By determining the most prescribed medicines, prevention of chronic diseases could be possible by education and training of families.

The purpose of this study was to explaine the association between the prevalence of common diseases and demographic, occupotional factors in elderly staff in IRIB (Tehran center) Regarding the increasing of elderly populationin the world, indluding IRAN, the prevalence of the physical disability in this age range is raised which leads to several unfavarable out comes such as: hospitalization, overuse of health care system and mortality rate. For achiving elderly health and preventing of chronic diseases and decreasing prevalence of elderly common diseases, the firsrt step is indentification of their health status. By which, we can recognise their health and medical needs and also prevent their occurrence. Considring relationship between demographic occupational factors and common disease in elderly staff in radio and television centers, unfortunately, I could not find any article.

This study is a cross-sectional one wich was conducted on 152 enderly patient who were reffered to IRIB Clinic and studied for association between demographic and occupational factors with prevalenc of common diseases. In this reaserch a questionnaire contaning demographic information and history of diseases was used. They were complated with elderly paintent. then the phesition examined them. Data were analyzed with analysis of T-test chi-2 and pearson correlation in spss16.

The analysis of our data showed that osteoarthrities (46%), hypertension (36%), heart diseases (35.5%) and diabet (21%) were the most common diseases in elderly patient that were reffered to IRIB clinic during the year 1389. In this study a significant relactionship was observed between osteoarthrities, hypertension, heart disease and age (p=0.000), BMI (p= 0.000), Incom level (p=0.000), education (p=0.000) and physical activity (p=0.01) while, ther was no singificany relationship between heart diseases and diabet whit gender (p=0.17), reffering times to the general practitioner and life satisfaction. (p=0.07)

osteoarthrities, heart diseases, Hypertention and diabet are the most common diseases in the elderly staffs in IRIB. According to this study, there is a significant relation between prevalence of common diseases and health related variable. therfore through implementation of such programs like: changing life style, regular and periodic clinical examination, changing diet habit, we can identification of these diseases in the primary stage and preventation of disability in the future will be possible.

during the last two decades, Activities concerning demand reduction and specially addict’s treatment and rehab have outstandingly improved in Iran. Now different treatment alternatives such as outpatient and residential care centers such as‚ abstinence based and spiritual therapies like, narcotic anonymous are developed. Treatment program in human recovery population is replacing opium tincture and gradually reduction of it (during 11 month). And it includes group and spiritual therapies.Methods & Materials: this research is a descriptive study which has been done cohort and longitudinal during 3 months (from the beginning’ one and three months after entrance). In this research, the quality of life has been assessed. Participants include all addicts over 40 who have referred to the society (congress 60) for detoxification. Choosing the samples has been based on the method of accessible sampling. Demographic questionnaire and life quality questionnaire have been collecting information tools. Data’s have been analyzed by software spss.

out of 33 people, 15 were over 50 years old. The substance abused include: Opium abuse With the frequency of 12 people (36.4%) ‚heroin crack with the frequency of 14 people (42.2%) had the most frequency. Monthly cost of drug abusing is on average 159/849 toomans, for each person. for all subscales of life quality, P-value has been reported below 0.05.

Detoxification has been effective in improving quality of life. just for the two following questions the persons opinion has not changed during three periods: "it seems that I get diseases easier than others" and my health is the same as other people I know". it can be said perhaps short period treatments have little influence on the change of "ones deep attitude towards himself" and a deep, essential change of attitude needs long period rehabilitation programs.

The world is aging. Elderly population of the cities increased from 45% in 1975 to 57% in 1995. WHO reported that the percentage of elderly population in the years 2006 and 2050 has the following: Africa (6%, 9%) - Asia (9%, 24%) - Europe (21%, 34%) - Latin America and the Caribbean (9%, 24 %) - North America (17%, 27%) - Pacific (14%, 25%), respectively. In 1995, the population over 60 years in Iran was 6.6% of the total population. In 1999, this figure reached 7.8% and will be 10.3 % in 2021.One necessary need of elderly people having a healthy environment and for providing this need in the world, many studies have been done. WHO is named this year (2011) "urbanization and health" and during an international project titled "Age-friendly cities" has clear priorities. There were a few reports on seniors in Iran, so this research was conducted based on elderly and their caregivers. Qualitative research method was used. Based on "purposeful sampling" method elderly people over 60 years were selected in two Shahid Montazeri and Shahid Monem Pour health centers of Tabriz. They arranged in eight-person groups and characteristics of age-friendly cities by the operator discuss proposed and the obtained comments of focus group discussions and recorded and wrote down line by line. The information analyzed as a "content analysis" and results were extracted. The participants comments of Shahid Montazeri focus group discussion were as follows: the most common complaints were about sewer rats and non-existence of moral Security in the park, the second, leading cause of poor neighborhoods and parking lights on, the third was: trees are in front of lights. They said, "Station location is inappropriate and the toilet seat in the park does not exist". Comments of seniors in Zafaranieh health centers were as follows: Most complain were about of sewer rats, stray dogs, the lack of shelter in bus station - a bad positions of bus station, the lack of chairs in the station, bus delays and crowded shopping center and in the second were: sewage problems, bad bus route, bad bus and bad traffic culture. The results showed there are required to intervention and collaboration of city organization for providing elder people needs.

Elder abuse (Doing or not done a single or repeated act That bothers or to cause harm to an elderly) is one of the social health problems in modern societies to rise and has a prominent role in prevention education The objective of this study was to investigate elderly abuse in Persian literature.Methods & Materials: This study identified themes related to elder abuse in Persian literature and the educational structure were developed developed In this regard, poems of poets and authors of Persian literature Using the software for Dorj book including 178 of 101 literary Persian poet and author is known and ganjur Site including large number of poets and In cases where there was no electronic versions of books were read line by line And using a library of content analysis, subjects were studied

The study defined types of elder abuse and elder abuse causes of elder abuse and how to prevent abuse of the elderly that each expression is detailed in the text

The results of the rich Persian literature could result in abuse of elderly has been considered from two aspects 1- denounced the abuse of older 2- culture of reverence and respect for the elderly in order to prevent abuse of the elderly.

There are much more studies about adolescence in most countries in compare with other age groups. The goal of this study is evaluation of relationship between duration of hospitalization in elderly patients in comparison to the middle ages.Methods & Materials: This is a descriptive analysis, cross sectional, case study and retrospective research that was done after gathering the data of elderly and middle age patient in MILAD Hospital. First of all prevalent causes of admission in hospital has been detected. Descriptive analysis about tow important factors include: Duration of hospitalization and bed cost has been done. By statistical tests (T.Test, Analysis Of Variance-ANOVA- and other analytical test) the results had been analyzed and compared with similar researches.

In this study data of 12.989 patient has been analyzed (7,279 adolescent people with age range of 60±8.73 and 5,710 middle age people with age range of 45±4.17 which 6,430 were female and 6,559 were male). Based on this study the duration of hospitalization and bed costs of adolescents has been significantly more than middle age patients (P<0.001). As well, the bed costs of people between 60-75 years old has been significantly much more than other adolescents (P<0.001). Analysis showed that bed costs and duration of hospitalization has been significantly more in men than women (P<0.001).

1) Elderliness increases the duration of hospitalization, 2) The longest duration of hospitalization has been for 60-75 years old patients, 3) Duration of hospitalization was longer for men than women.

by reducing the fertility rate and Improve health& social conditions in Iran, increases the statistics of population older women also follow the whole population of seniors. So that in two decades than has increased the population of elderly women to total female population of 3 percent to 4.1 percent in the recent census in 2006 to 7 percent and is expected that increasing continues this trend the next decades. Global statistics show that significantly more elderly woman than elderly men in most countries, developed and developing, But according to the Statistical Center of Iran shows that during 1976-2006 has increased in every decade the number of elderly women in Iran Due to improved health services, social and economic, but has reduced the population of elderly women than elderly men This happened while usually Is less life expectancy in men than women. therefore In this paper we study the population status, health, education, family status, employment, quality of life and isolation of elderly women in Iran and We review different reasons than elderly women than elderly men in gender.Methods & Materials: This study is a descriptive-analytical study and a library that was used in the Statistics Center of Iran as the country's census is the most documented. In addition, we search for related database in English and Persian, including pubmed, medline, ISI and Web site World Health Organization and Scientific Information Database To obtain demographic and social information about the Iranian elderly population. Also took advantage of the views of experts to analyze the findings gerontology, epidemiology and sociology on gender differences in the elderly population in Iran. With a deep look at the situation of elderly women from different dimensions, including physical health, psychological-psychological, familial, social and... Understand that Despite the efforts and improvements in health status, social and economic in Iranian elderly women, differences in health indicators-social and elderly women than elderly Iranian population could be due to the unequal status of health and social status of women men Some of these differences include: the life expectancy for women than men (73 years versus 68 years), more elderly men than elderly women (51.84% versus 48.16%), heart disease and blood pressure is higher in elderly women than elderly men (25 and 42.6 versus 17 and 42%) prevalence of fat type of triglycerides in the blood is higher in older women than men (63.6 versus 42.6%), the prevalence of osteoporosis bone is higher in older women than men (56.3 versus 16.7%) rate of drug use is higher in older women than men (34.9 versus 25.4%) illiteracy rate is higher in older women than men (80.15 versus 56%) rate of emotional problems and mental illness is higher in older women than men (25.3 versus 8.17%) rate the quality of life is lower in elderly women than men (31.6 versus 34.26%) of the deposit's elderly nursing home is more than older men (60.6 versus 39.4%) is much more alone in elderly women than elderly men (12.8 versus 2.5%) Shows the results that elderly women are fragile not only of gender but also the various aspects mentioned above are fragile. And this led to threats of this group from the quantity and quality of life. So it seems to be accurate in the future national studies in order to better understand the aging population, especially women and other fragile groups to and also be designed to the prevention and treatment interventions, with attention to fragile women disabilities and their lack of financial security and will also feel the need to pay special attention to young women before and after aging.