فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 13، زمستان 1390)

In this study, regions of climatic comfortable identified and assessed by using the PET index in Khorasan Razavi province. So that, 22 years reported statistics of climatology were evaluated for Mashhad, Ghochan, Sabzevar and Gonabad. The result presented that period of climatic comfortable is short one. It was calculated 37 days for Mashhad, 42 days for Sabzevar, 36 days for Gonabad and 51 days for Ghochan. Also, the results of monthly analysis based on climatic comfortable presented that the most appropriate time for take a trip to visit Mashhad, (Ordibehesht and Mehr), Sabzevar (Ordibehesht), Gonabad, (Aban) and Ghochan during Khordad and Mehr. It seems that Mashhad and specially Ghochan (North of province) are more suitable to take a journey of summer than others.

Transformations influenced by economic, social and cultural world and the revolution in information and communication technology and social abnormalities increase significantly in most developed countries and developing during recent decades for a new attitude control prevent and combat crime is presented. One of the Gifts of crime prevention strategies "crime prevention through environmental design" is the first time by American criminology C. ray. Jeffrey in the book was presented with the same title. Jeffrey in this book provides suggestions for urban design plan in which streets, buildings and open spaces, and. .. Thus opportunities through reform and crime decrease. In fact, this theory, believes that human behavior is influenced by environmental design in which the lives and emphasize that optimize the environment and create a positive visual environment can be reduced crime or destroyed. Prevention of environmental crime, therefore a simple concept based on the consequences of crime to some extent opportunities arose from the environment. Now that is the case, change the physical environment to reduce crime should be possible. The purpose of this article is awareness promoted of homeowners, architects, and city designers about the concept of crime prevention through environmental design that is seeking to increase security and urban development and reduce criminal opportunities. During analysis performing, it is possible to consider that with balanced distribution of various application in city on one hand, may increase social control in solitude area of city and in other hand cause to decrease population over density and finally in compact area of city. In this way, may prevent to crime in occurrence.

Uncontrolled development of cities influences areas around of cities by growth. The influence changes the roles and functions and it also changes the form of biological complexes. region 5 of Tehran was in the surrounding of Tehran city. But in different period of time and increasing of population and migration to this city, this land due to urban growth have been swallowed by city. so that today are considered as a part of the city and effects of Tehran city is damage and change garden to urban land use and change of environment etc. This study investigate the effect on Tehran's physical development, land use changes for the region 5 with the aim of identifying and analyzing important role in maintaining the health of the city and region. Research methods is descriptive analysis, documentation and field data collection methods, tools is used is ENVI software and GIS land use maps and satellite images of Tehran city and region. Operating results reflect the impact of development in change of green land use and change them to urban area. Because of the importance of this land use we suggest several solutions to protect of them.

on of the destroyer climate phenomenon is that annual import damage plenty with biology conditions, roads, buildings and weather pollutions cities. In this study dust evaluated condition Ilam province by data synoptic stations Dehloran and Ilam for statistical period 20 Yearly and circulation pattern 500 hectopascal and sea level from Noaa climatic database in Excel and Spss statistical softwares environment. In Ilam station mqy month with 63 day and December with on day is and in Dehloran station from aspect contained monthly frequence may month with 63 day in Ilam station, July month day 220 and December month By 7 Day orderly highest and lowest dust frequents. In Ilam station contained spring season by 0.45 percent and Dehloran summer season with 41 percent highest seasonal distribution. In both station correlation between climatic elements and dusty days very high and include reliable relation, in Ilam station correlation highest to the wind variable with 0.89 percent and Dehloran station average heat with 0.92 percent have correlation with dust phenomenon and in both stations encompasses relative humidity and precipitation with dust phenomenon inverse correlation. In Dehloran station demonstrate coefficient nomination 0.59 percent which variations dependent variable namely dust specified by sex independent variable of climate elements. In Ilam station regression multivariate result insignificant because which natural conditions area in dust effect climate element in dust is colorless. Assessment of circulations 500 hp and sea level demonstrate that, in July month located low core in Mediterranean sea surface and trough tongues than which Iraq, Syria and Saudi desert cause have created dust in west of country. By pitch upper level trough axis in dry and warm aria Africa, Saudia and Iraq which is major resources dust, dusty conditions produced.

To resolve economic-social inequalities of regions is one of the bases of development, collectivity and integrity. Among the signs of non-development are the existence of inequality and its various aspects for the resolving of which we have to consider how development indicators in different levels are distributed. The first step to solve problems resulting from regional inequalities is to identify and classify regions regarding whether they are provided with services in different sectors especially hygienic-therapeutic ones. Accordingly, the present study has tried to categorize the 19 townships of Eastern Azerbaijan based on 8 hygienic-therapeutic indicators with regard to the 1385 (2006)statistical census using TOPSIS and AHP to weight the indicators and determine the rate of inequalities existing among these townships. This study is of a descriptive-analytical type. ArcGIS, SPSS and Excel are used to draw and analyze the map. The results show that since Tabriz is the administrative-political capital of the province it is placed first in terms of hygienictherapeutic indicators; among them Oskou is placed second right after Tabriz both of which are ranked high above the other townships. Malekanis last in this ranking and has, in terms of hygienic-therapeutic indicators, an inappropriate situation compared to the other townships.

Water is one of the most principal needs of human beings. Water is life basis and the reason of forming most places in the ground level. The shortage of healthy drinkable water in the third world countries such as our country is discussed as one of principal problems. The lack of control in quality and harvesting rate and unstrained consuming can increase these problems and earn serious threats. Hence it is necessary to consider different management aspects with principal policies. One of the newest functions in this area is risk management which World Health Organization also emphasizes on it (Swedish, 2009, 136). This research with the recognition and risk ranking which drinkable water sources in the Abkhan rural centers is threatened making priority and the ranking of these centers on the basis of the present risk rate in the drinkable water sources. The research method in this descriptive- analytic research used the random method and the preparation of questionnaire from two landscapes of rural managers and responsible officials. Statistics society of Abkhan Sarkhun and the rural managers of Sarkhun village and 20 persons of officials were selected as statistics sampling. At last these villages by the using of AHP model (hierarchal analysis) and Topsis ranking is divided in five levels such as: the villages with very high risk, villages with high risk, villages with average risk, villages with low risk and the villages with very low risk.

Therefore one of the main indications of vulnerability of a country in the case of facing water shortage is their dependence on in-flowing surface waters rising from beyond their borders. The dependence of the people living in the east of Iran on the common borderline rivers and that these rivers rise from neighboring countries have given political roles to the borderline waters in political relations between Iran and Afghanistan. The history of the disputes and clashes between Iran and Afghanistan during the two centuries on the Hirmand, the borderline river, shows that it not only has mainly affected the relation between the two countries but faced the east of Iran with a serious and basic danger of drought. With this background, the Iranian government with assistance of the Turkmenistan government made an effort to construct the Friendship Dam on the Hari River which rises from Afghanistan. A goal of constructing this dam is providing Mashhad with fresh water. This action has actually put the east of Iran under Afghans influence. The writer believes that in order to avoid negative consequences of this dependence, Iran has to establish a kind of geopolitical relations with Afghanistan.

One of unstable backgrounds of urban development is a kind of habitation called informal habitation especially in under-development countries. This kind of habitation needs to adopt special schemes for organizing current situation and preventing from its development in future. Since informal housing was formed and developed by the factors beyond its location and interact on a wider environment, the problem requires policy makings and actions not only on local level but also on national level. This paper is written by descriptive-analytical method and its purpose is to study on informal habitation in Khuzestan and provide the most important enriching ground works on these settlements. All required data and information are also collected by the censuses of statistical center and other urban designs. Finally it is concluded that the municipality of Khuzestan''s cities will have the most important role in enriching process as a nongovernmental organization and the highest and the most important authority in urban management. Hence the municipalities should venture to use optimal participation and internal sources of these populations with new innovations in order to enrich these settlements and see the real urbanization.

This paper is discussing the effect of industrialization of rural areas by establishing industrial parks. most scholars believe industrial parks can create jobs and there for by increasing income level and job security decreases level of immigration to metropolitan areas. the mayami of shahrood is chosen for the field study of this paper to verify the validity of the above assumptions the research is done by co-relational or associational method using field observation and questioners handed. For analyzing the data gathered the x2 method is used and chopper of rate shows the importance of assumption and results derived from it. This research shows the industrial park had positive effect on income level of rural occupants by creating better job payments and job security. Most of working force in industrial park are from rural background

World's Muslim population is now over one billion, and Shiites consist of nearly 20 percent of this, amounting to over two hundred million people. The "togetherness" of the Shiite population all over the world is certainly influenced and enhanced by the formation of the Islamic Republic of Iran and also their interests in holy places such as the Rezavi Shrine of Mashhad as part of the religious ideology. Pilgrimages to holy places such as the Rezavi Shrine and the effects brought into the personal lives of the Shiaite pilgrims provide great and genuine causes for their "togetherness" and enhanced "belongingness". In turn, this phenomena provides a great opportunity and potential for Iran towards its geopolitical interests. In this paper, using descriptive, analytical and statistical effort, this ideology of Shiite is studied including its influence and effects on Shiite Geopolitics. This is done as a case study with emphasis on the pilgrims and pilgrimages to the Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad. Also shown is how these pilgrimages spread the awareness of the Iranian revolution, and the Islamic movements pertaining to this region and the entire Shiite community of the world.

United State offensives to Afghanistan in October 2001, and the longest war in American history had been begun in Afghanistan. After ten years in 22 June 2011Barack Obama announced that, the United States will pull American troop out of Afghanistan. While, there is a failed government with instability in Afghanistan. Taliban are powerful and has criminal actions against afghan people and coalition forces. Afghanistan after withdrawing American troop will provide both challenges and opportunities in the region but this is depended of American crisis management in the region. In this Article we analysis the new situation in Afghanistan that shaping after withdrawing U.S. troop from this country. What is the Impact of New Obama Strategy on Afghanistan’s National Security? The method of this research is descriptive-analytic. We tried to use published books and scholar's articles in different scientific journals. By the way, we use governmental interview and official news agency too.

Tourism is a new study field with fewer studies about its role in the economy and culture of towns and villages until 1990s. indeed, towns where attracted millions of visitors rarely dealt with its tourism role and it was mainly considered the importance of business and governmental performances in the economy and political changes of states with ignoring the role of tourism or less enjoyment of it in the planning, particularly rural and urban planning. This is while; tourism is the most extended service industry that is able to emerge in the future faster than past for increasing the level of public culture, peacemaking, cultures conversation, friendship internationally in comparison with other industries like oil. Iran, with its historical, cultural and natural history has considerable capabilities that must be enjoyed strategically. Because Iran could accept 13 million domestic tourists and 2171699 million foreign tourists on 2006, however, it is yet in its infancy age for developing this industry. Kashan also has precious cultural heritage in itself that may not be seen in most towns through Iran and world and based on tourism, particularly religious and pilgrimage tourism it is able to attract many tourism through Iran and overseas. Therefore, authorities may implement necessary approaches to provide the field of employment by this efficient industry particularly for young people and promote Kashan, the old town that has been dealt with in this paper.