فصلنامه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 8-9 (پائیز و زمستان 1385 و بهار و تابستان 1386)

Public infrastructure investment through its spillovers impacts and its double causality relation with industrialization is one of the primary means to implement a strategy of regional economic growth. According to the relevant literatures, public infrastructure is exemplified itself in both economic overhead costs and social overhead capital. Iran as one of the developing countries does not possess the identical provincial industrial level due in part to different level of public infrastructures. Thus the major objective of the study is first to rank 30 provinces of the country based on different industrial variables.Second to examine the relationship between the rank of industrialization and public infrastructure levels among different provinces. Taxonomy and Clustering techniques proved that Tehran is eligible to be in the first cluster. This is followed by Isfahan and Khuzestan each in separate cluster. Markazi, E-Azarbaijan, and Khorasan comprised forth cluster. The rest of the other provinces placed in fifth cluster. The results of correlation analysis proved positive relationship between industrial magnitude and public infrastructure level.

This article shows the necessity of studying the beginning and ending time of the frosts and its effects on agriculture and transportation. The period of this study is from 1989 to 1999. The data of minimum daily temperature in 4 synoptic climatologic stations of Khorram Abad, Boroujerd, Nasereddin and Aligoudarz had been studied. The purpose of this article is to study the prevalence of frost in understudied province by normal distribution method. The occurrence dates of these early fall and late spring frosts have been considered in different recurrent periods, and the curves have been drawn by Matlab software.

Using 33-year static lies of meteorological and hydrometric station of Golestan province. This study assesses the basin s hydro climatology fluctuations like precipitation, temperature and floods. After climatic statistical analysis, regions climate appearance of become dry. Under go graduates charge word dry climate. Reduction in rate of precipitation followed by a remarkable temperature and peak flow ascertain this climate charge. Extracting five recent region flood data and using synoptic analyses, concurrent pattern of such floods is in denitrified and a typical map in three level of ground level,850,700 hectopascal is manifested. Finally, considering synoptic analysis, the share of flood precipitation caused by anticyclones systems is more than cyclones ones from both point of view of precipitation quantity and the extend of coverage.

Empirical investigations and researcher's findings in the field of Rural studies, show that rurals are in different degrees of enjoyment of development facilities and services. The question is that why there are differences between rurals with regard to enjoyment of development facilities and services? Such approaches like Modernization, Growth Pole, Urban Roles theory and Rural Development point to the importance of role and effect of relations and linkages between urban areas and rurals and considers it as development factor of rural areas. Some other approaches like traditional dependency school, point to relations between centre (Urban) and surroundings (rurals) as the reason of underdevelopment of rural areas. Does relations between rural and urban relate to degree of their development and enjoyment of development facilities and services? Does physical distance between rural areas and cities effective in this field? Findings show that there is connection between the degree of relations between rural areas and urban and the degree of their enjoyment of development facilities and services. In other word, developed and enjoyed rural areas are rurals that their residents doing more travels to cities. in addition, rural areas that are enjoyed of high development facilities and services are villages that are not far from cities. In other word, the less physical distance between village and center of province, center of sector that is urban, and center of rural area the more enjoyment of development facilities and services. In addition to this, the rurals that have more relations with urban and enjoy of more development facilities and services accepting more migrants. Also findings show that the rurals that are closer to urban have more relations with it. Therefore, it shows that linkages between rural and urban have a development effect on rural.

Although leisure and hospitality has been a part of the basic needs of human from long time ago, but tourism as an industry in Iran started during the first half of the 2nd century. In contemporary era after Pahlavi kingdom from i.e.1920 to 1960 Iran has experienced new evolution in the method of pre capitalism production and has crossed the capitalism relation, this process has leaded to social-economic and technological advancement and tourism industry was also affected by this process. Despite the fact the growth of tourism has been remarkably slow; as a result the number of tourists in 1952 was 53895 persons. By the changes which took place in 1960s and the land reform has led to the termination of feudalism and the expansion of money as a means of relation and the urban extension. Gradually, the notion of tourism came to be the focal point of the government policies. The occurrence of war between Arabs and Israelis (1973) and the raise of oil prices made the rate of urbanization significantly high and this itself caused bourgeois classes in Iranian society. The increasing of the income of the middle class paved the way for the people of the community to spend part of their income on tourism and sightseeing. The peak of capital expansion occurred during 1960-1975 in Iran. At the same time, we have witnessed the extreme growth of tourism in a sense that the number of the tourists increased up to 657930 in 1975. After the Islamic revolution of Iran which took place in 1979 and the imposed war against Iran by Saddam till the end of the war, tourism industry drastically descended in a sense that the number of tourists decreased up to 147522 persons in 1980. However, the implementation of first, second and third social-economical and cultural programs (1989-2004) many of the cultural and economical infrastructures were rebuilt and some of them developed much better than before. Hence, this movement has stimulated the tourism industry in Iran wherein the number of tourists has raised up to 1341762 in 2000. In the fourth program of social-cultural and economic of the country which has started since 2005, a heavy attention has been paid to the objectives and goals of tourism industry and it is expected to have over 20000000 tourists during of plan years by the end of the fourth program (2009). These structural and functional evolutions which indicate the transitional stage in tourism industry and its drastically and rapid climb in Iran.

One of the main categories in modern geographical studies is to review the role of different factors in developing the change of cities particularly spatial- local changes. Although several factors contribute in the changes, in the present research, efforts have been made to address the relatively wide range of effects of Tehran metropolice on changes occurred in cities under studied, as well as to consider different natural- ecological factors that affect spatial- local changes. During the recent years, the effects of Tehran metropolis cause major changes in peripheral areas. Thus the cities of Rodhen and Bomhen due to different impressionability from Tehran have been selected as a representative for the investigation. The research suppositions are based on first the effects of natural and ecological factors and then the effects of Tehran on different changes in the area under study. We have used statistical styles as well as analytical- descriptive methods to evaluate and to clear such effects. The results indicate that among different factors, topography, climate and soil and water resources significantly affect the formation, impressionability and various changes of both cities. The study of effect of Tehran metropolis decentralization policies suggests significant changes in Bomhen and Rodhen. In any way comparative investigations shows spatial- Bodily changes. Thus about 25.9 hectares of Rodhen lands have been allocated to establish recceptional, tourist, sports, cultural and educational centers from 1986 to 2004, while about 68.2 hectares of Bomhen lands have been allocated to industrial- commercial workshop and warehousing activities- Findings of research suggests that the economy of Rodhen and Bomhen trend to align with the needs of Tehran so that it can exploit the desirable climatic condition of Rodhen for tourism, establishment of Azad university and industries because of available inexpensive lands and numerous manpower.

Map is the most important tool for cognizance in the field of geography and is the best instrument for presentation of geographic information. The study of ecology, in general, wich means the study of relationship between man and his environment, is only possible by means of maps. As a tool for ecology and manifest of human sovereignty over environment, the map has served political powers and authorities. Therefore, it can play a critical role in persuation of the policies and exercising the authority. The concept of power is not limited political power but rather includes all forms and classes of power in a community. Why the authorities use the map as a tool for exericising power and impersuation of their policies? This paper is designed and conducted to respond the above question. There fore, a theoritical- coceptual framework is presented in wich the relation between the power and map is studied: 1- Semiology, 2- Power and Context, 3- Dis course, 4- Power and Media, 5- Perceptual and cognitive Map. The main Theory of this paper is that the map plays a role in exercising power and impersuation of policy, because it is a “sign”. Frome the ontology point of view, the sign does not mean the exact reflection of realities and geographic phenomena but, rather replacing the realities. From the critical point of view the map is not a neutral tool for transfer information, bat it depends on the interests, aims and willings of producers and interpration of users. And from the constructivism point of view, in addition to the above-mentioned facts, the map is a tool for canstrction of realities.