فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصادی
پیاپی 98 (بهار 1391)

Interest Free banking law at 1363 was implemented in the banking system in Iran. One of the main goals of this law was eliminating usury from monetary system, and utilization from non-usury credit impact on economic growth through preferring money contribution in the capital. This paper uses data from years 1363 to 1386 and implementing Herfindahl-Hirschman index, evaluated and ranked concentration credits in the banking contracts. Also the causality relationship between economic growth and exchange contracts is reviewed. The results show that the concentration of credits in exchange agreements with fixed-rate is higher than participatory contracts. The Granger causality test between the credit swap contracts with economic growth does not endorse, considering that one of the goals of elimination of usury (interest) in Islamic economics is affecting economic growth. Hence for higher economic growth in Islamic banking, credits concentration should lead to on partnership contracts.

Selecting a set of features and price for new product is one of the most important and difficult decisions for any firm. For its implementation firms require information by demand of consumers about product features,the cost of providing these features and reaction of existing competitors to new product entry. In this research, with the help of game theory, the various positions of new product entry in the automobile market has been studied and the position and price that makes the highest profit for manufacturers has been determined. Results of research show that with entering a new product,price reaction of competitors are not significant and entering new product has the greatest effect on their market share.

This paper aims to analyze the relationship among the employee, the employer, and the government with the help of game theory. The game among these three players is of the sort of static games with complete information and the strategies used by each player have been determined in the figure of tending to change the current situation and tending to keep it. The equilibrium among this three players is a type of Nash equilibrium, that all players select strategy of tending to keep the current situation, although it doesn’t involve the maximum pay off for them. So the reason of this action is that the selection of the strategy of tending to change the current situation will be a risky one. And as risk is significant, they prefer to achive an equilibrium in low productivity.

The present study surveys the effect of bank-specific, industry-specific and Macroeconomic conditions on bank performance to examine the Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) hypothesis in Iranian banking industry. To achieve this goal, we drew upon the panel data technique to analyze the data of eleven public and private Iranian banks during 2001-2006. Firstly, productivity was calculated by using Tornqvist-Theil index (TTI) and then a single equation was employed to examine the effect of different factors such as internal, industrial, environmental and structural characteristics on banking performance. The results achieved in this research didn’t confirm the above-mentioned SCP hypothesis.

Knowledge of the relationship between two phenomena (inflation and unemployment) is crucial to any economic and political decision-making process. An investigation of this relationship helps economists and policy-makers to be aware of the economy’s performance. In the present research, New-Keynesians’ Philips hybrid curve has been derived by using the pricing models and the assumption of price and wage rigidity. Fridman- Phelps Philips curve and New-Keynesian Philips curve are special types of New-Keynesian Hybrid Philips curves. The model used for rigidity of prices and wages in this article is pricing model of calov. Then, we have estimated this curve for Iranian economy for the time 1975-2007 by using GMM method. The results indicate that the firms have both backward and forward looking considerations in setting their prices.

Due to contiguous city of Ravar with Lut and Dasht-e Kavir desert, and weather conditions, water is one of the rarest agricultural inputs in this city. Pistachio allocates 90% of garden and 73% of agricultural lands of the city and it is the most important agricultural product in this region. A major source of agricultural water supply in this area is groundwater. Low price of water on one side and increased pistachio prices in recent year on the other side increased the profitability of taking the advantage of excessive groundwater use. Therefore, in this paper the economic value of groundwater has been studied during the period of 2007-2008. For this, the method of marginal productivity value of inputs is used. This method requires estimation of production function. Therefore, proper function for pistachio was estimated and then economic value of water were determined utilizing the marginal productivity value. The results show that the economic value of per cubic meter of underground water in the Ravar city in average is 19,870 Rials. In consideration of 49% share of water in pistachio production and the lack of water in the city, the present prices should gradually approach to its real value for promoting and incouraging farmers to optimize water use.

The objective of this study is to derive a money demand function compatible with the Islamic Economic Rules, i.e., Prohibition of Reba. This rule, evidently eliminates the loan market from the economy.Therefore, we propose that the Islamic financial markets could link the real and nominal sectors of the economy and provide the information needed by both the financial intermediaries and the Central Bank authorities to allocate financial and liquid assets, respectively. Meanwhile, the nature of speculative activities are discussed. and conditions that facilitate harmful speculative activities are identified and the policies that are required to eliminate those conditions are proposed. Based on this financial market model, both demand for and supply of financial resources as well as demand for money balances are derived. This demand for money balance is formulated as a function of rate of return of shares exchanged in the stock market, real GDP, and inflation rate. The estimation result of this function using the cointegrated maximum likelihood Johanson-Josilious method shows that the demand for money is a stable and significant function of the above mentioned variables. Specifically, the logarithm of the money demanded (m1) is a significant and negative function of dividend’s rate of return, but positive and significant function of real GDP and inflation rate.

This paper evaluates the real exchange rate fluctuations and uncertainties resulting from it, in the Iranian economy. For this purpose, at first indirect effect of real exchange rate uncertainties on economic growth through foreign investment, private investment and exports are expressed, then the real exchange rate uncertainties and its relationship with economic growth and final pattern of investment growth has been determined. In this study, the economic growth model, private investment model, the model of foreign investment and export model has been studied. The simultaneous equations system functions method for 1387-1354 periods is estimated. Results of estimating model, indicating a significant and negative effect of real exchange rate uncertainties on the economic growth.

For more than three decades Iranian economy has been suffering from high unemployment rates, and at the same time vast, widespread overtime working rates; such that in some years 61% of job holders with more than 31 years of experiences have worked more than 42 hours a week in their main job. At the same time, high rates of unemployment have been observed between urban Iranaian labour forces. Labors’ tendency to preserve their purchasing power beside employment fix costs is considered main explanation of this dilemma. Therefore it seems that, an appropriate wage policy (Overtime Premium regulation in our study) might be an effective instrument to redistribute the existing job opportunities by reducing the overtime hours. This paper intends to assess the feasibility of “Work Sharing” in Iranian labor market. To do so, we have used “Double Sample Selection” methodology to formulate two selection equations together with a decision rule. Our data has been extracted from the “Households’ Income-Expenditure Survey” published by Statistical Center of Iran (SCI) in 2006. Our findings explore that overtime working is more prevalent among the married labor force who have been employed in private sector. Also a "backward bending" is observed in overtime hours supply respect to overtime wage. The latter observation provides an opportunity of work sharing amongst higher wage earners in Iranian labor market.

Obviously, in analyzing and explaining economic and social problems, institutionalism is different from other approaches including neoclassical approach. The problem of poverty and inequality are important for many schools and have led to different analyses. Veblen tries to explain that some classes in society seek to save their position and honor it in many ways. The goal of this article is to show that some behaviors such as conspicuous consumption has some goals beyond honorable by Using analytical-descriptive methods and library references. Honorable behaviors try to keep differences between classes and deepen them, so that the dominant classes in society, developing this kind of characteristic and converting it into habits, will bring other groups to their submission or obedience and prevent the formation saving (a vehicle for going out of the poverty cycle and preventing the deepening of inequality) in the lower classes. Therefore, conspicuous consumption is considered to be a great problem and a great obstacle for the economic capability of some groups.