پژوهش نامه اخلاق
پیاپی 12 (تابستان 1390)

Considering the relationship between ethics and behavior, the definition of behavior and ethical behavior and also the meaning of ethical behavior toward the self human agent, this paper has studied the purpose of ethical behavior and its aspects. The author has explained his own opinion on the extension to which any reform in ethical behavior affects the very agent of the behavior. He believes that human ethical actions in all fields are founded on the behavior toward the self agent and, therefore, would be reformed only through reforming it. The claim has been proved on the basis of numerous traditions.

Economics, having arisen and developed originally in the ground of ethics, was put forth as a branch of philosophy. Islam as a complete divine religion, however, from its beginning has considered all economical activities to be in full harmony with ethical norms. It, therefore, has opposed one’s dependence on earthly world and at the same time, has considered economical activities as a Muslim’s duty and worship. In this way, arguing against unfair distribution of wealth, Islam has known it as an effect of one’s rebellion and ingratitude and has given many teachings to oppose it. Among the teachings, the followings can be referred to: declaring treasures to be unlawful, chiding the mutual rivalry for piling up the good things of this world, chiding any trick in interactions and any case of hoarding and insisting on equality and charity. Furthermore Islam has also laid down some effective teachings in the area of consumption. Among them can be counted: forbidding wastefulness, profligacy and sinful luxury, chiding redundant needs, insisting on subsistence’s Divinely being destined, moderation, contentment and spending in charity what is in excess of income.

On the teachings of the holy Quran, all parts of the world are purposeful, naturally committed, measured, beautiful, a Divine sign, praising and worshiping God. Deep attitude toward these descriptions would affect and upgrade bioenvironmental ethics. On such teachings, all beings of the world are aware and seek their own perfection. They, therefore, have their own rights. Human beings are necessarily directed to use nature and ascend it to arrive at their goal of life, closeness to God. And such is nature with regard to human existential movement. In this way, considering and supporting bioenvironmental ethics is an action in harmony with the world of creation in its way of transcendence.

Social structuralism on Rawls` concept knows ethical objectivity as the product of a social view established harmoniously and with widespread consent. On this basis, cognition cannot be known as a reflection of objective reality, but it is a dynamic structure mentally experienced. Rawls, relying on this epistemological approach, explains the distinction between right and good, and priority of the ethical right over the ideas of the good. In this paper, explaining the concepts of social good, natural good and natural right shows that Rawls claim is opposed to critique from various aspects including belief in pure will and construction, restricted role of pure will and reason in the process of authorization, and giving idealistic priority to mind, negating objective correspondence of ethical concepts and reducing ethical statements to reasonability.

Considering magnitude of media parts, their particular effectiveness in contemporary world in forming public believes and thoughts and ready grounds for their human agents to become distorted, it is necessary for ethical values to be focused. Some manifestoes have been put forward in support of the human agents of media in West in twentieth century. And Islamic teachings have paid particular attention to the field also. This paper, introducing international manifestoes and comparing them with Islamic teachings, has explained the superiority of the latter.

Moralities as a set of values play a considerable part in effective management of organizations. Ethical climate and its effect on using IT in organizations in western cultures morality has been considered based only on worldly interest. Yet in Islamic teachings, particularly in Alavi school, true morality has been taken as a sign for human perfection, and Imam Ali`s short government is considered as an eternal symbol for managers in Muslim community. In this paper, the models of the two types of management have been studied comparatively.