مجله پژوهش های بوم شناسی شهری
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

Cities in their evolution process are continuously impacted by their functions in a direct way and as a result of such impacts some changes are created in terms of spatial, economic, and socio-cultural aspects. Tourism is one of the main functions of the cities which have a noticeable impact on urban spaces. This article aims at investigating and analyzing the economic impacts of trade tourism and how it can play a role in cities economy, and how the cities are affected by such forces economically. In this regard, Baneh city has been chosen for researching such economic impacts. The geographic situation of the city and its proximity to Iraq has resulted into an increasing level of business transactions in formal and informal ways. The economic interests and benefits created from imported goods and exchanging them has formed a kind of tourism which can be called trade tourism that has expanded to the furthest cities of the country. In this survey some field data have been used and the research method was based on field work, library work and literature review and scientific analysis using SPSS software. Data collection process was based on questionnaire and the target populations were the experts related to tourism sector and urban affairs and those who were working directly in these sectors. Two questionnaires were used for collecting the data from target groups. In the first one the sample was 10 and in the second one the sample size was 263. The findings of questionnaires were analyzed through binominal distribution models and sign tests. It is revealed that the business activities and the employment resulted from this new function of cities in the absence of other sectors of economy like agriculture, industry and services, has left a considerable economic impacts on the city and has caused increased income and employment and higher level of land prices in the city.

The quality of development and its infrastructure affected by proviso undesirable and centralized planning’s having caused fundamental problem in the process of regional development. Various aspect and structural intricacy of this subject is one the basic barriers in providing the distribution of credits. In order to solve problem which was derived from regional unbalances, the first step is understanding and level zing the regions in terms of economical, infrastructural and communication, socio- cultural, hygienic- iatrical, educational fields. Method The approach method in this research is the compound of correlation, documental and analytical methods. Forty four indexes investigated in this study have been put in these 6 cases of infrastructure and communication, hygienic- iatric, agricultural, population and economical, cultural and sport. In this research the statically techniques, including Z–Score and Cluster analysis method are the basic methods. Results The result of the research shows that in the development level of townships there are differences and in equalities, so that Tabriz and Azar shahr in the same level (beyond development) and Maraghe, Ahar, Bonab, Marand, Miyane and sarab in the same level (ultra development) and Shabastar, Osku, Bostan abad in the same level (middle development) and Jolfa, hashtroud, malakan, harise in the same level (low- development). So these differences necessitate of providing and carrying out of the purseful plans and programs for the convergent and balanced development of townships.

Iran from tourism point of view is carried to account among the five superior countries of the world. Therefore, information from attractions and natural efficiencies especially climatically viewpoint in the scope of Iran Geography enjoying a well deserved importance. In this research, in order to study the potentials of tourism area in Semnan Province, by applying the PET indicator has been used from climatically parameters of average dry temperature, relatively wet average, wind speed average, steam pressure average, and the cloudy rate of Semnan Synoptic stations, and that of Shahroud and Biarjmand during the statistic course of 1992-2004. The result of this study shows all stations in May mounth and in October, the station Semnan, Shahroud, Garmsar, in September Bearjmand and shahrood and, in April, Garmsar and in June in Byarjmnd of months that are having the best conditions from the point Comment comfort climate and climate are very suitable for tourism have. all stations, the months of July and August, a different degree of thermal stress is low until moderate exist. Also all the stations during the months January, February, March and November cold tension have violent extra until moderate

The existence of a well-organized, rational, and functional hierarchy system in a geographical space has an important role in the appropriate function of the cities and residencies and also in the connection of the urban network with the rural residency network. Regarding the rupture and in coherence between these two sets, it is important to endeavor to make a hierarchic connection among the residencies. One of the strategies which can be effective in achieving the optimum residential space extension in regional scale is exploiting the space extension models and conforming them to region situations. Employing the descriptive-analytical research methods, the present article investigates the propounded theories in regional space extension and then introduces the ''Hilhorest centered expansion '' strategy as the appropriate pattern for region space extension. The central cities in regulating the residential system and in establishing a connection with small residencies has led to intended centralization of population, services, and investments in Tabriz and around it and finally the lack of space homogeneity and back wardens of other regions of East Azerbaijan, especially the rural areas.

This paper to discuss rural housing deals in Kermanshah. Rural housing in Iran and particularly in Kermanshah province suffer from several factors first technical weakness there construction materials weak second and third pay enough attention to rural housing retrofit. Since Iran on earthquake belt is an area of ​​more than 97 percent of Iran in areas where the relative risk of earthquakes in their middle and high or reported. Research with the aim of quantitative and qualitative study of rural housing indicators of Kermanshah methods - descriptive analysis in which the 10 variables studied will. Results show that the rural areas of Kermanshah in 1385 about 17,779 new housing units needed. Structure of 43.8 percent of rural housing in Kermanshah durable, 33.9 Drsdkm durability and 22.2 percent are more ephemeral. Over 74 percent of the residential units have less than 100 m Infrastructure and 25 percent of residential units with more than 25 years old are. Of the seismic zone east of the province shows the province has set very high seismic risk was more than 24 percent and 19 percent of the population of the area where they are residing. Middle and western part of the equivalent of a small area of ​​71 percent in high risk situations are more than 75 percent of the population. Only 5 percent of the area of ​​Kermanshah province has set seismic risk is moderate. So to prevent natural disasters and improving rural housing need in rural housing comprehensive plan that was organized should be considered.

Ozone gas is one the pollutant that it survey in Isfahan gauge pollution stations. A part of production and diffusion of ozone related to atmosphere parameters directly and indirectly. The aim of this research to study atmosphere parameter affected on surface ozone variations in Isfahan town. The correlation and multiple regression have been used for analyze. The results show that increasing of temperature and sunny hours in three time period; monthly, seasonal and yearly have been directly correlated to increasing of ozone but relative humidity and highest wind flow have inverse correlate with increasing of ozone. For example, the correlation coefficient between average of ozone with daily maximum of humidity, mean daily of temperature and number of sunny hours is R=-0.569, R=+0.533 and R=+0.52 one by one. In the best conditions in Farvardin month, 80.6 percent of variations have been explained by atmosphere parameters. More than 50% of variations of ozone in Lale station in 30.6% of total year have been explicated by atmosphere parameters whereas this percent of explication only in 16.6 percent of total year in Bozorgmehr station have been explicated. Thus the values of ozone in Lale station to be more affected from the atmosphere parameters in compare with Bozorgmehr station.

Although Persian Gulf states are all located on one continental shelf and enjoyed very subscription fees from different points of view; but they cannot enjoy a pattern of confidence building. Meanwhile, Islamic Republic of Iran locating in the north of the Persian Gulf and benefiting from precedence and geopolitical power, in its role-playing, always encounters with some obstructive elements for the presence of the trans-regional power. Therefore, present paper using descriptive-analytical method tries to explain the effective factors in the relationship between Iran and Persian Gulf states. It seems that the Persian Gulf states have some disputes that never have been solved and yet exist like fire under ashes. According to the presence of trans-regional powers specially United States that make intensified mentioned disputes, Iran and Persian Gulf states have their own different strategies and sometimes, these strategies make paradox between Iran and the Persian Gulf states.