نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 35، تابستان 1391)

The first permanent molar is the biggest permanent tooth having the most important role in chewing, preservation of vertical height of the jaws and esthetics. On the other hand, because of it's special anatomic form, early eruption, lack of mother’s awareness about it’s eruption and misidentifying it from primary teeth, this tooth is very susceptible to caries. Its caries is an indicator for predicting caries susceptibility in the other teeth. The aim of this study was to indicate the prevalence of DMFT in first permanent molar among primary school children in Yazd. In this study, students of totally 6 public and private schools were selected randomly and first the molar tooth of 15 students from each level was examined and DMFT was recorded. Data were then analyzed by SPSS software, ANOVA and t-Test. The least DMFT was identified in 7-year-old students (0.36 ± 0.92) and the highest rate was seen in 11-year-students (1.17 ± 1.26). There was a significant relationship between DMFT and age (P< 0.0001). - Among D,M and F, maximum mean was related to F or filled teeth and minimum was related to M or extracted teeth. - DMFT in girls (1.15 ± 1.33) was higher than boys (0.51% ± 0.88) (P<0.0001). - DMFT among students with lower economical status was significantly higher than those with better economical condition. Increasing DMFT of first permanent molar during 3-4 years after eruption demands attention to early oral education, prevention and treatment of it.

Smoking contributes to more than 5million deaths in the world annually. More than 70% of these deaths occurs in the developing and 30% in the developed countries. the important way to stop these deaths, is to quit smoking. Despite the perceived risk, more than 40% of smokers that had heart attack, began smoking after leaving the hospital. This indicates that inadequacy of awareness in them. The aim of this study was to study Routine or verbal-illustrative Education on nicotine dependency in men after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) This was a clinical trials study,conducted on 100 patients that were candidates for heart surgery at Afshar hospital in Yazd. The participants were randomly divided into two groups. The data were collected by two questionnaires before and after the heart surgery. The first questionnaire included questions about demographic variables, such as date of surgery, address, telephone number, standard test of nicotine dependence (Fagerstrom) and standard test of self – efficacy (Prochaska- DiClemente). After collecting the data at the begining, the case group was treated on routine and verbal education of quit smoking by three pictures about clogging of arteries in 5 minutes. The control group was treated with the routine education. Then the questionnaires were completed 3 months after surgery. The questions of these questionnaires were about quitting smoking, and date of the onset of smoking after surgery. All the registered data were transferred into SPSS software and analyzed. Before intervention the two the groups were same in terms of demographic variables. The mean ages the of case and control groups were 53.55±8.9 and 55.6±8.4 respectively. Their mean age of beginning with smoking was 21.6±6. The extent of nicotine in dependency in the case group was 5.25 and in the control groups 4.86. after 3 months of surgery the extent of quit smoking in case group turned out to be 79.6% and in control groups 66%. There was no significant difference between two groups in quitting smoking. The data indicated that the effect of education through showing picture is more than the routine education.

One of the most recent concerns about industrial wastewaters is heavy metals arrival into the water and environment resources. Chromium is found in the trivalent and hexavalent oxidation state by the influence of electroplating and tannery industries. Hexavalent Chromium has proven several health hazards and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) categories. The aim of this study was the evaluation of chromium (VI) removal efficiency by raw Russian knapweed plant Flower Powder from synthetic wastewater. In this study, the effect of initial chromium concentration, adsorbent dose, reaction time and PH on removal of chromium was investigated. The adsorbent prepared in lab conditions and Pulverized by using ASTM standard sieves with a particle size range of 40–60 mesh achieved. The study was performed on synthetic samples containg 2mg/ l and 10 mg/l concentration of chromium. The unknown concentration of Hexavalent Chromium by spectrophotometer set (UV/VisibleSP-3000 Plus-Japan) at 540 nm based on standard methods for testing water and wastewater book was determined. According to the results removal, efficiency increases with increasing adsorbent dose and reaction time and decreases with increasing pH solution and initial concentration of chromium. Data of this study showed the maximum adsorption capacity of Hexavalent chromium by raw Russian knapweed Flower Powder for 2mg/ l and 10 mg/l initial concentration 1.66 and 5.72mg/g respectively. Raw Russian knapweed Flower Powder is an effective adsorbent for removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions. Although this plant is known as a herbicide but highly porous structure of this plant has caused it to have good adsorption ability. In addition, the adsorbent used the preparation and cost, using this adsorbant is very simple and cheap and has priority in comparison with the other natural and artificial adsorbents.

Control of radioactive emissions from nuclear power plants, particularly radioactive iodine compounds before discharge to the environment is important.

In this study, methyl Iodide vapour adsorbtion capacity was evaluated on the basis of the activated carbon and TEDA (tri ethylene di amine), and HMTA (Hexa methylen tetra amine) impregnated activated carbon bed.

The amounts of chemisorption and physical adsorption of methyl iodide were measured in different humidity levels (0 & 65%) for base and HMTA,TEDA-impregnated activated carbons. The physical adsorption of methyl iodide in the presence of water vapor was low. The significant amount of chemisorption even in high humidity conditions confirmed the effectiveness of TEDA-impregnation for trapping methyl iodide permanently.

Today, vermicompost production process as one of the very good procedures in terms of economic,health, and environmental sustainability to stabilize the organic waste is discussed. The aim of this study is vermicompost production from urban waste by earthworm (Eisenia Fetida) in Household-scale. In this experimental study, plastic tank of vermicompost production was first prepared, and then using the initial bed, soft soil, compostable waste, and Eisenia Fetida earthworms loading was attempted and after 30 and 90 days, sampling was carried out. In the samples, parameters such as, percent of organic matter, ash, pH, total carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorous, electrical conductivity and humidity was measured. The results showed the organic matter, ash, total carbon, and total nitrogen percentage, ratio of carbon to nitrogen, phosphorous percentage, electrical conductivity, moisture percentage and pH of ripe compost (90 days), 42% ± 2.8, 53% ± 0.17, 22% ± 0.17, 1.12% ± 0.003, 20 ± 0.25, 2.8% ± 0.26, 1200 ±200μs/cm, 56% ± 5.5 and 8.3± 0.2 repectively and all the parameters measured were consistant with the standards. Considering the results it can be concluded that home owners, by using simple local features, can produce vermicompost with high quality consisting of standards that, in terms of environmental and economic, status, greatly helps municipal solid-waste management system and causes reduction more than 60-70% of domestic waste at its orgin.

Food security is recognized as one of the major health, social, economic and political issues. Different factors can affect food security status at different levels. Meanwhile, some special conditions pose a challenge for the elderly to enjoy food security. In this study, considering that there is no valid measurement tool for assessing food insecurity of the elderly in Iran, validity of the elderly food- security measurement tool was examined in terms of both content validity and internal consistency and reliability. In this study, following the principles of HFIAS (Household Food Insecurity Access Scale Indicator Guide, Version 3) and ‘Technical Guide to Developing a Direct, Experience-based Measurement Tool for Household Food Insecurity’, five steps were taken for examining content validity and internal consistency and reliability including: translation into Farsi, reviewing with key informants, refining the questionnaire through interviewing with 20 representatives of the survey population, estimation of Cronbach's α and examining the back-translated items. The questionnaire was modified based on the results of each step. Cronbach's α of this questionnaire turned out to be 0.858. The results also showed that 7, 3, 5 and 5 participants considered food secure, food insecure without hunger, food insecure with moderate hunger, and food insecure with severe hunger respectively. This study provides a content-valid and internally-consistent pre-measurement tool for assessment of food insecurity among the elderly in Iran. However, it is recommended that other validation processes including construct and criterion validation be carried out in a larger society in view of different factors which have an impact on food security status.

Studies have shown that parents of exceptional children have less happiness and life satisfaction. Coping styles are one of the most important psychosocial factors that go between stress and mental disorders. On the other hand, there is a meaningful relation between happiness and religious beliefs. Therefore, this study was carried out with the purpose of examining the effect of teaching Islamic coping styles on happiness of parents with exceptional children in the city of Khatam (Harat&Marvast). This is an exprimental research. The sample size was 24 persons chosen from among parents of exceptional children in Khatam city. They were then randomly assigned into two groups of trial and control. Islamic coping style was taught to the trial group. After one month of teaching, the data gathered from the research were analyzed through descriptive and analytic statistics. Teaching Islamic coping styles, increased happiness of the parents with exceptinal children in such a way that the score of their happiness elevated from 26.41 before the study to 56.04 after study and then to 55 after one month of follow-up. Considering the effectivness of Islamic coping styles on increasing happiness, teaching of these styles for decreasing and coping with stress is recommended.

Advanced oxidation processes such as Fenton and photo-Fenton that have been applied effectively to oxide the persistent organic compounds in leachate and converts them to unharmful materials and final products. However, there are a few data about application of Fenton-like process in leachate treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to treat the municipal landfill leachate by above processes.. This study was an experimental study that was conducted with set up a pilot system. The used leachate collected from a municipal unsanitary landfill of Qaem-shahr city that located in Mazandaran province. All examinations and samples were analyzed according to Stndard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The results showed that the conventional coagulation & flocculation process with chloride ferric removed about 45% of COD in optimum conditions. The combining of pretratment with AOPs significantly increased removal efficiency so that the removal efficiency COD for Fenton, photo-Fenton and modified fenton processes was 89, 85.45 and 81.82 percent in the same conditions, respectively. After all processes, the biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio) of treated leachate compared to raw leachate was increased and the highest increasing of BOD5/COD ratio was in the photo-Fenton process. The efficiency of the Fenton-like process is less than Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. Instead, the Fenton-like process was done at the higher pH and will not have these problems.

Olive oil extraction in the world is considered an important economic activity. Environmental impacts of olive oil wastewater is related to the chemical contents and organic materials load that are resistant to biodegradation. Olive wastewater due to phenolic compounds, inhibitors, toxicity to microorganisms in municipal wastewater treatment units, unpleasant odor, high COD, high BOD, high suspended solids, high resistant compounds to biodegradation, the threat potential to surface and underground water resources is to be considered and paid attention to. So far, several studies in olive oil mill wastewater treatment are carried out. This study aimed to determine efficiency of coagulation process in olive oil wastewater treatment to reduce pollution load and improve the biological degradability. This study was conducted in laboratory scale and Batch reactor on the real wastewater. Coagulation process using alum and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) coagulants was done and the removal value of COD, TSS and total phenolic compounds was investigated. The results demonstrated that the highest removal efficiency of pollutants in the optimum pH and dose of PAC achieved turned out to be 7 and 1 000 mg/L respectively. In these conditions, the removal values of COD, TSS and total phenolic compounds by PAC achieved were 88. 3, 90.2 and 9 9. 2 %, respectively. Also analysis of the ratio of BOD/COD showed that after coagulation process, the value could increase from 0.14 up to 0. 5 8. This process can be regarded an effective and economical method in the reduction of pollution of this type of wastewater.

Water poluted with crude oil or oil materials are one of the life enviorenment.Bioremedation is a simple method and economical for cleaning poluted water.the aim of this survey is to check the degradation of crude oil power with separated Bacillus from crude oil in Isfahan oil refinery. For this purpose polluted water with crude oil is used in Isfahan oil refinery.choosing cases were cultured in the MSM medium and 10000 ppm oil are used in this as an only carbonated bacteries sources.this cultured medium was incubated in a shaker with 150 rpm and 35ₒ tempreture. For separating generating biosurfactant bacterias,checking hemolytic activity as the first norm of separating and isolating.for checking the strength of crude oil degradation purified three strains and this three strain, s consortium put IR (infrared rey) test and GC-MS(gas chromatography - spectrometry). Purified Bacillus are reganized with biochemical and molecular diagnostic methods. Among twelve strains separating,eight strains were been able to lysis sheep erythrocytes and make hemolysis halo on medium blood agar.strains that had hemolytic activity were choosen for later studying. Surface tension of three strains were acceptable.the consortium of this three strains was surveyed on Biosurfactant out put and purified three strains got numbers of 38,30,34 mN/m and consortium got 28 mN/m.when sequences above put in the BLAST program,the results showed similarity of 99.8 percent of separated bacterias with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. Identified two Bacillus were only defferent in to six nucleotid. The surveys showed that consortium function in the biodegradation is more effective of Bacillus culture was alone,in fact consortium worked effectively in comparison with only Bacillus in the crude oil biodegradation on the polluted waters.

Patient's anxiety and thus not referring to detal offices for receiving dental services may inappropriately affect inadequately on community development indicators. There are limited studies in this area, and the results are usually inconsistent. This study was then carried out with the aim of determining the dental anxiety among patients referred to private offices in Mashhad. In this descriptive study, a total number of 400 patients who had referred to private dental offices in Mashhad entered in the study. Data were then collected using Dental Anxiety Scale. Validity and reliability of the scale was determined and approved in the previous studies. Data were analyzed through SPSS software using T-Test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Spearman Correlation Coefficient.Of all the participants, 16.8% of participants had mild, 58.8% moderate and 24.8% severe dental anxiety. Mean score of dental anxiety was higher in women (12.4±3.91) than men (9.19±3.89) (p<0.001). Divorced and dead couple subjects (13.39±4) had a higher level of dental anxiety than the married and singles. Regarding the job, the highest level of dental anxiety was observed in the housewives (12.89±3.77). Dental anxiety was negatively correlated with age (r=-0.125, p= 0.013), number of dental visit (r=-0.143, p=0.004), education level (ρ= -0.319, p<0.001) and income level (ρ= -0.415, p<0.001). As the rate of dental anxiety was higher among women especially housewives and also it was negatively correlated with age, education level and income, people with such characteristics should be addressed in educational programs in this area.