مجله رهیافت های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 18 (تابستان 1388)

Talking about anarchy, especially in international field, refers to a natural state and absence of order, or a pseudo-civil state and absence of government. In other word, the concept of anarchy appears as a timeless and placeless concept, that would be applied in all times and places metahistorically. This would cause a misunderstanding in international relations and in result a false understanding in international theory. In this article our attempt is the genealogy of anarchy and its relation with discourse process. The study has several stages: 1. posing the problem and methodology; 2. investigating liberal theory of international relation; 3. explaining the realistic view; 4. explaining the cooperation in anarchic society; 5. explaining hesitations of reflectivists about existence of anarchy in international level; 6. posing a framework for understanding international environment apart from Westerndichotomy of hierarchy/anarchy, using concepts like wisdom, domination, advice and goodness from the view point of Muslim thinkers like Ferdowsi, Khaje Nasir Toosi, Ghazali and Sa`adi.

Death as philosophical origin of Plato's thought, original bases of the realization of social contract in Hobbe's philosophy, the most fundamental topic about human being in Russo's thought, the highest level of philosophical deeds in Camus's thought in the form of suicide and the initial identification center thought of Hegel's Lord-Slave, today it has been one of the most important issues and puzzles in the field of world politics in the early twenty- first century. What is the nature of suicide operation and why it is continuing? In this paper I tried to evaluate suicide as one of the life manners of the human being available in Hegel's thought of non- benefit basis and self – valuation while glancing at the Hobbs's thought of benefit basis, and going over the thesis of donated and intentional actions and reviewing the wrong believes. The nature of the suicide games to identify, the lord and slave as necessity of having freedom and awareness of history and persistence of having poverty, illiteracy, insanity are bases of committing suicide games and simplifying the main puzzle, so it needs to be revised.

From calming the flames of Cold War and decline of two-polar system, the states have preferred the cooperation upon regional mechanisms to cooperation in global scale. In recent years, regionalism has taken into consideration seriously, and the role of regional organizations in international politics has become stronger. Central Asia despite its need to regional convergence than other parts of Asia is very poor in regional interactions. Recently some regional mechanisms and organizations help the States of region, among them Shanghai Cooperation Organization has a stronger role. There are different and even contradictory analyses about the role and weight of the Organization. The main opinion is that if the Organization can resolve the security challenges, and provide a context for growth and development would be a powerful player in regional and global scenes. I. R. Iran with a rational behavior in international milieu, avoiding the conflictual position against the West, and increasing attempt for normalizing the process of nuclear file, can decrease the member's hesitation with regard to Iran's entrance into the Organization.

Secularism in the West means separation of church from State, but in Islamic world it the concept applies both as separation of religion from politics, and separation of religious institution from political institution. Christian secularism is different than the application of the concept in Islam. However, in Shiite world there are thinkers that believe in separation of religion from politics or its institutions. They relay on textual or intertextual reasons. In contrast, political Islam as a discourse for establishing a government of a certain kind is against secularism in both meaning. The theory of convergence can show a third way.

There is a close relationship between political participation and economic, social and cultural development programs. Studying the impact of these programs on political participation needs scales for surveying political participation, and explanation of programs. In this article, the authors try to study the impact of I. R. Iran's economic, social and cultural programs, and explain the ways of reinforcing political participation through development programs, emphasizing on theoretical views of Milberth and Guel, and election measure in political participation.

In this paper the authors has tried to investigate the concept of intellectual view or intellectuality and explain its various categories. Then, four kind of definition has referred: normative-ethical, universal-general, reflectivecultural, and local-aboriginal. The authors have chosen third definition. Main question is so: which elements have more impact on characteristics of different formulations of intellectuality? Authors have regarded Modernity as a more influential element. Then, regarding political, social, economic and cultural situations of intellectual trends, and based on criteria like confrontation with West and Modernity, paradigms of thought, religious approaches, relationship with government and politics, social classes, theoretical orientations and practices, and also typology of intellectuals, authors try to criticize its varies forms.

Zarathustra and his religion, has made the civilizational philosophy of ancient Iran. He constructed a deep political, social, economic and philosophical metaphysics. Zarathustrianism as a result of a chaotic age was an attempt to establish the civilizational bases of Iranian society, and an endeavour toward building security, stability, possession and rule of law. Zarathustra was the founder of philosophy and spirit of this civilizational foundation in ancient Iran. This paper, with a glance to Skinerian hermeneutics, tries to explain the live and intellectual-political achievements of Zarathustra and his doctrine in cultural, economic, religious and political context of ancient Iran. Also the paper has discussed the causes of infertility of philosophical reason in ancient Greece, surveying the adventure of philosophical reason in Greece and Iran.