مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال بیستم شماره 3 (پیاپی 86، امرداد و شهریور 1391)

Numerous studies showed that lifestyle in the years of growth and adolescence is the most important factor in determining the risk of osteoporosis in later years of life. This study aimed to assess lifestyle and nutritional preventive behaviors of osteoporosis among teenagers in Qazvin in Iran. This descriptive-analytical study was performed within teenagers، in a population – based sample of 300 students collected via random cluster sampling. Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire containing 15 questions (Questions items included risk factors related to osteoporosis، preventive behaviors of osteoporosis، and demographic factors). Using SPSS 16، the data were analyzed by Chi-square and Fisher''s exact tests. Findings showed that the majority of teenagers (71. 3%) do not have regular physical activity. There were significant differences between physical activity patterns of male students and female students (P=0. 001). Nutritional habit results showed that female students (66. 7%) used foods (34. 7%) containing vitamin D more than male students. The results showed that 29. 3% of male students and 24. 3% of female students didn’t use any calcium absorption increasing ways in the body. The study findings show that osteoporosis in Iranian teenagers appears to correlate with several known risk factors and unsuitable behaviors that were well described in the literature. It revealed that preventive educational strategies on osteoporosis are important in this population. So modifying lifestyle among teenagers seems essential in order to prevent osteoporosis in the future

Nanotechnology deals with structures that their dimensions are approximately between 1 to 100 nanometers. Research has shown that the composition، shape and different sizes of nanosilver make the features that possess different toxic effects compared with the chemicals with same but larger composition (microsilver). Nanosilver is associated with cell division، oxidative stress، and apoptosis or cell death. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of nanosilver on lung tissues. In this study، 50 adult male Wistar rats were examined in two groups of experimental and control. 70 nm silver nanoparticles with four different concentrations 0. 25، 0. 5،1 and 2 mg kg-1 were orally administered for 30 days. To investigate the pathological changes after 30 days، the lung tissue of mice in each group was apart and kept in formalin for histopathological examination. After molding and cutting، template samples were stained with H &E staining method. Then slides were observed by invert microscope. According to the results، the high-dose groups (N4، N5) showed more pathological effects compared with other groups (N2، N3) and controls. In general، the effect of silver nanoparticles on lung tissue was significant and the resulting changes revealed cell and tissue damage. The toxicity of silver nanoparticles، administrated orally for 30 days in the experimental groups، was investigated that showed its harmful effect on lung tissue determined by pathological examination

Plaque control by mechanical method is not sufficient and mouthrinses are highly recomended for patients. Some studies have shown that both of alcohol and alcohol free mouthrinses can reduce the microhardness of restorative materials. This study aimed to investigate the effect of three commercial mouthrinses on the microhardness of four different composite resin. 60 specimens from P60، Z350، Z250، Z100 composite resin، with the same size were prepared. Each group was divided to four subgroups، each 15. Vickers test with 100g force and 15 seconds was loaded on the samples before and after of immersing in Listerine، Oral-B، EpiMax and distilled water for 24 hours. Surface hardness of P60 resin composite significantly decreased in all of the mouthrinses and distilled water. Surface hardness of Z350 resin composite significantly reduced in all groups except EpiMax mouthrinse. Surface hardness of Z250 resin composite in distilled water and Listerine mouthrinse was not significant، but it was significant in Oral-B and EpiMax. Reducing of surface hardness of Z100 resin composite was significant in all of the mouthrinses، but in distilled water it was not significant. Alcohol did not affect decreasing of microhardness of resin composites.

According to previous studies celiac disease (CD) is frequently associated with chronic gastritis. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of CD and Helicobacter pylori in patients with dyspepsia. 325 patients were studied from April 2008 to April 2009 who underwent endoscopic procedures for dyspepsia. Gastric antrum، duodenal biopsies، serology with tissue Transglutaminase Antibodies (tTGA) and total IgA were performed for detection of H. pylori and CD. Out of 325 patients 312 (96%) had a positive H. pylori. Heart burn and bloating were the most prevalent symptoms in this study. Twenty one of 25 patients with positive histology for CD who had gastric biopsies were positive for H. pylori (84%). Duodenal biopsy specimens results have shown normal histology in 213 (65. 5%)، hyperplastic polyps in 1 (0. 4%)، duodenitis in 79 (24. 3%) and abnormality in small bowel (Marsh I-IIIc) in 25 (10%). In term of the serological analysis، 9 of 26 tTGA positive patients had abnormal histology (Marsh I-IIIc) (2. 7%). Similar to previous reports، we found a high prevalence of H. pylori infection and celiac disease in dyspeptic patients. Therefore، further studies for screening occult CD in dyspeptic patients is seems necessary.

Gastroesophageal reflux is a common gastrointestinal disorder among infants، which can cause complications، such as esophagitis and Barrett''s esophagus if its diagnosis and treatment are delayed. On the other hand، similarity of Gastro esophageal Reflux symptoms with symptoms of other childhood diseases makes its diagnosis and treatment difficult. So a proper tool for early screening and diagnostic test is essential. This study was conducted on 221 infants (2 to 12 months) with initial symptoms of gastro esophageal reflux (frequent vomiting، restlessness after feeding، no weight gain، coughing repeatedly and refusing to eat) that referred to pediatric Clinic of Rajai Hospital in Tonekabon. Data was collected with demographic and infant gastro esophageal reflux questionnaire by use of the information in records and interview with parents. Then the samples were examined via sonography for gastroesophagial reflux. After initial screening based on infants gastro esophageal reflux tool، gastro esophageal reflux by ultrasound was positive in 63/3% of infants. The mean esophageal diameter was (20/73±2/54mm) in infants with gastro esophageal reflux and (23/71±2/35mm) in infants without gastro esophageal reflux. Due to the similarity of gastro esophageal Reflux symptoms with clinical symptoms of other childhood diseases، use of an initial screening measurement for early assessment of gastro esophageal reflux in infants is necessary. Moreover، appropriate، available and low costs diagnostic method with little complication seems essential such as ultrasonography for confirm diagnosis and early treatment.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with systemic complications. Children of diabetic mothers are at risk of many disorders such as major and minor vascular injuries، retinopathy، and atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal diabetes on changes in choroid plexus volume and capillaries length in 15. 5 day foetus. in this experimental study which was conducted on 30 male wistar rats، animals were divided into two groups; an experimental and a control group (n=10). Streptotosin was injected (55 mg/kg) in experimental group to induce diabetes while in control group intra-peritoneal injection of buffer citrate was done for four weeks. In the last day of the fourth week، mating was done and zero day of pregnancy was determined with vaginal plug observation. on 15th day of pregnancy، rats were anatomized and a foetus was chosen from each mother. After foetal head fixation and tissue processing، serial horizontal sections were prepared and stained with haematoxylin-eosin. Choroid plexus volume was measured by stereological techniques and the results were analysed using ANOVA statistical test. Results showed a significant difference between Choroid plexus volume and capillaries length in experimental and control groups، so that Choroid plexus volume and capillaries length were increased significantly in foetus of diabetic mothers (P<0. 05). It is likely that maternal hyper-glycaemia induces a kind of angiogenesis in foetus that can cause many brain disorders.

Tuberculosis is a widespread disease which is more common in developing countries. Musculoskeletal tuberculosis constitutes10-15% of cases in underdeveloped countries. The most common site of involvement is vertebrae. Clinical manifestations، location of vertebral involvement and therapy approaches vary between geographic areas. Recognition of specific features of the disease، predominant signs and consequences of common therapies in the region can be useful for physicians and can reduce its complications. This cross-sectional descriptive case series study included all spinal tuberculosis cases who have been diagnosed in Yazd city between 2001 and 2008. A questionnaire was applied to collect the data about demographic، clinical signs and symptoms، imaging features، medical or surgical therapeutic approaches، complications and outcome of treatment were collected by questionnaire. Analysis was done by SPSS (version 10. 5) and p value< 0. 05 was taken as significant. Fifty patients were evaluated in this study، the most frequent age group of patients the 40-60 year group، and the least frequent was the group< 20years old. The most common clinical finding in decreasing order was local pain in involved vertebrae، weight loss، sweating and loss of appetite. Location of involved vertebrae was lumbar، thoracic، thoraco-lumbar and cervical. All patients were treated medically and 16 patients required surgical intervention. The study results revealed cure for 42 (84%) without any complications. Considering occurrence of this disease in middle age، the most common symptoms and local vertebral pain are influential in earlier diagnosis. They prevent the complications and surgical intervention of spinal tuberculosis.

One of the most common mental disorders is eating disorders that have high comorbidity with psychological factors and is observed in the teenage and young girls more than others. Therefore، the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of regular aerobic training on eating disorders in non-athlete female students. In this experimental study، the eating attitudes questionnaire was completed by 458 female students of University of Guilan، and 38 students were diagnosed with eating disorders. From these 38 students، 25 ones took part in the study. Finally، subjects were assigned into two groups randomly: experimental (n=13) and control (n=12) group. Both groups were homogeneous in regard to standpoint age، weight، and marriage and didn’t show statistical significant differences. Experimental group trained for 8 weeks and 2 times per week. After training program، two groups recompleted EAT-26 questionnaire. Because of exclusion of 2 individual from experimental group for discontinuing training program، 23 subjects were analyzed. Data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics، t test and ANCOVA. Findings showed that there were significant differences between experimental and control groups in regard to their eating attitudes (p<0. 05). It could be concluded that regular exercise training such as aerobic training may reduce eating disorders in female students

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is the most common overuse syndrome in athletes. It is one of the causes of anterior knee pain in athletic population who attend to the sport medical clinics. Patellofemoral is more common among female athletes especially adolescents and young adults. Patellar taping provides an effective treatment in alleviating the symptoms of a high proportion of subjects who suffer from PFPS، though the mechanisms of pain reduction have not completely been established following its application. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of taping on dynamic balance and reduction of pain in athletic women with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Fifteen female athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome participated in the study. Therefore، dynamic balance was assessed using a SEBT (Star Excursion Balance Test) before and after application of patellar taping. The severity of pain was measured by VAS (Visual Analog Scale). The results of variance analysis by VAS (p<0/008) in repeated measure indicated a statistically significant improvement in pain and in knee function in anterior، anteromedial، medial، posteromedial and anterolateral directions (p<0/05). The study results confirmed a significant improvement in reducing pain and increasing function (dynamic balance) of female athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome after patellar taping.

Disrespect of health regulations and proper disinfection of water and swimming pools is effective in incidence of health problems and transfer of infectious diseases to swimmers. The aim of this research was to investigate water of swimming pools in Yazd city and compare the results with national standards. In this study، 11 active covered swimming pools of Yazd city were sampled as census. Parameters of temperature، pH، amount of free and Combined chlorine residual، turbidity، alkalinity، hardness، the population of heterotrophic bacteria، Staphylococcus aureus، Pseudomonas aeruginosa، fecal streptococci، and fecal coliforms were studied. Sampling has been conducted every two weaks for 3 months and samples were analyzed under standard procedures. In this research، amount of pH in 84. 73%، free residual chlorine in 44. 18%، Combined residual chlorine in 72. 45%، alkalinity in19. 82%، turbidity in 86. 36%، hardness in 57. 18% and temperature in 13. 73% Samples were desirable. The fecal streptococci bacteria was not shown in all the swimming pools and population of heterotrophic bacteria، Staphylococcus aureus، Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fecal coliforms in 56. 73%، 93. 27%، 79. 36% and 91. 45% cases were desirable، respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that there is a direct relationship between Water turbidity and population of heterotraphic bacteria. According to the results، the parameters of heterotrophic bacteria population، also the alkalinity and temperature had the least compliant with the standards that shows the necessity for continuous monitoring of physical، chemical and microbial parameters and also control of filtration and disinfection of water condition of swimming pools.

GSTM and GSTT are subclasses of glutathione s-transferase that is present on human sperm surface and plays an important role against oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1 in regard to sperm parameters. This case-control study involved 46 men with varicocele and 48 men without varicocele. Semen analyses were carried out according to WHO guidelines. Blood DNA was extracted using salting out procedures. Polymorphism of GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes was determined trough multiplex-PCR respectively. Frequencies of GSTM1 null genotype in men with varicocelc and men without varicocele groups were 60. 9 and 41. 7 respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between Gstm1 null and positive genotype in two groups (p>0. 05). Frequencies of gstt1 null genotype in case and control groups were 47. 8 and 50 respectively. There were no statistically significant relationship between gstt1 null and positive genotype in two groups (p>0. 05). Deficiency of enzyme activity in gstm1 null genotype did not affect morphology as well as slow and quick progressive of sperm but caused the significant decrease in count of sperm between gstm1 null and positive genotype. In the case of gstt1، gstt1 null genotype did not affect sperm parameters that may be related to compensate activity of other genes in this super family.

The recovery ward is a vital unit to care patients awaking from anesthesia and is a standard requirement for the operating room. Recovery ward is located adjacent to the operation room and is easily accessible to trained and skilled individuals. The unit must have adequate equipment for surveillance and monitoring of patients and required medication should also be provided. This study is a cross-sectional conducted in one phase through referring to hospital facilities and equipment. Physical space، personnel and their skill levels and other factors that are involved in the care of patients in the recovery have been investigated. The instruments used in this study were a check list and observe sheet which were completed by the researchers. Data analysis was conducted by SPSS software. The results showed that the standards of buildings and physical space in the researched areas were mostly nonstandard. Equipment standards were to some extent in line with the criteria set by American Association of Anesthesia. Besides، some equipment was blow standard levels. Personnel standards regarding the number of nurses toward the number of recovery beds did not meet the standard criteria in most of the cases. The research shows that building standards in most cases are not in line with mentioned references. Undertaking equipment standards in the hospital recovery wards needs reviewing and providing controlling equipment for preventing the complications of recovery phase of anesthesia in recovery wards.

Ever since there is insufficient and incoherent information about the effect of the Ramadan Fasting together with regular exercise on levels of serum osmolarity، and electrolytes concentration. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of fasting and physical activity on active and non-active males’ body composition، serum osmolarity levels and some parameters of electrolytes. Twenty six healthy males، who were selected by convenience sampling method، were divided into two (active and non-active) groups. The Active group participated in football training for three sessions per week during the fasting month. All measurements were repeated on the first and last day of fasting month and were used to analyze the test results. The average differences were significantly decreased in weight، BMI، WHR، mineral، total water in two groups (P≤0. 05). There was a significant difference in average of BMI، WHR، body fat، mineral and total water between two groups (P≤0. 05). Within-group mean differences in glucose، potassium، urine and albumin in both groups were significant (P≤0. 05). Differences of serum osmolarity in between- and within-groups were not significant in both groups. While، glucose decreased significantly، the levels of the protein decreased، and urea increased significantly only in non active fasting group. According to these results، regular exercise together with the Ramadan fasting result in change in some serum osmolarity index، electrolytes and water. Therefore، it is necessary to protect the athletics against the malnutrition in Ramadan fasting by using the diet schedule and enough water.

Nowadays there is an uprising trend toward new approaches in type 2 diabetes management. In this study the effect of ginger supplementation on blood glucose، lipid and lipoproteins was examined in diabetic patients. 81 patients with type 2 diabetes participated in this randomized clinical trial study within two-month interval. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: Placebo (PG) and supplemented (SG). SG group were supplemented with 3 capsules (1g ginger powder in each capsule) and PG group received 3 microcrystalline cellulose capsules each day. Fasting blood glucose (FBS)، fructose-amine، HbA1c، total cholesterol، triglycerides، LDL-c، HDL-c and Apolipoproteins (Apo) A1 and B100 were measured before and eight weeks after intervention. Mean of LDL-c in SG before and after supplementation were 112. 52 ± 22. 09 and 106. 10±20. 78mg/dl (P=0. 03)، respectively. Also the results showed significant difference in levels of Apo A1 in SG and PG in the beginning and end of trial (P‹0. 005). However no significant differences between groups were observed. Moreover no significant disparities were observed in level of Apo B100، total cholesterol، triglycerides and HDL-c at the same period in studied groups. Mean FBS level after intervention in SG showed a 10. 5% decrease (P=0. 003)، meanwhile a 21% increase in PG (P=0. 01) was reported. Changes in mean HbA1c had a similar trend with mean FBS. This study indicates that ginger supplementation for type 2 diabetic patients would improve LDL-c، APO A1، fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c parameters

This research aimed to use one of new research methods namely meta-analysis in order to evaluate the results of studies investigating the effectiveness of cognitive- behavioral therapy in treating patients with obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD). These studies have been accomplished in Iran. Cognitive- behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically based treatment of established efficacy for the obsessive-compulsive disorder. In this study، 12 accomplished researches were gathered in regard to the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy in treating patients with obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) among which 10 studies were chosen for meta-analysis. Statistic analysis was done by comprehensive meta-analysis software. The study results، using incorporation of effect size by Schmitt and Hunts method، showed that cognitive behavioral therapy can influence treating patients with obsessive- compulsive disorder. The mean of cognitive- behavioral effect size in treatment of obsessive- compulsive disorder in males and females was significant 1/63 (p<01/01). The study findings have shown that cognitive behavioral therapy in treating patients with obsessive- compulsive disorder is effective. This information can be used in therapeutic schematization and clinical intervention.

Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis(also known as Kuttner tumor) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the salivary glands and one of the salivary gland enlargment that was first described by Kuttner in 1896. Unilateral or bilateral involment of the submandibular gland occurs more commonly than any other salivary glands. Few cases of chronic sclerosing sialadenitis in minor salivary glands have been reported. This article presented a case of chronic sclerosing sialadenitis in minor salivary gland of the floor of the mouth.