فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و آمایش فضا
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 74، زمستان 1390)

Rainfed wheat is one of the major agricultural crops in Kurdistan province that includes most of the cultivated area. Agricultural production is affected by risks, resulted from weather and international markets. Although these risks could never completely been removed, we can minimize their effects by realizing the affecting parameters involved in plant growth and crop yield. In this study the impacts of effective agroclimatological indices and climatic elements have been identified for each phenophase of rainfed wheat yield in Kurdistan province. For this purpose, rainfed wheat yield data for Kurdistan province, and its counties were obtained from The Ministry of Jahde Agriculture for the period 1991-2006. Moreover, Necessary weather parameters of all the weather stations in Kurdistan province for the period 1991-2006(1993-2006 for Marivan station) were obtained from Iranian National Meteorological Organization. Correlation and nearest neighboring methods were used for retrieval of the missing data. Then, linear and nonlinear correlations between rainfed wheat yield and 6 agroclimatological indices (TD, GDD, HTU, PTU, VPD, PET) and 11 climatic elements (Tmax,Tmin, R, Rday, RH, Tabsmin, Tabsmax, FFmean, FFabsmax, TS, Tmean) in 6 pheneological phase of rainfed wheat growth from sowing to harvest, were extracted. The results of this study show that the effective variables in each phenophase of rainfed wheat yield growth are; temperature in the first phenophase (Early Seedling stage, from October 7 to November 6); precipitation in the second phenophase (the First Stage of Active Vegetative before Dormancy stage, from November 7 to December 11); temperature variations in the third phenophase (Dormancy Stage, from December 12 to

Today, disaster management and sustainable development theories are seeking to create resilient communities against the natural hazards. Therefore, many researchers believe that the resilience is one of the most important research topics in the context of achieving sustainability. Regarding above fact, the resilience is considered as a way to strengthen the communities with use of the capacities, which is formed different definitions, approaches, indicators and measurement models. To answer the main question, “which definition, theoretical approach and indicator making systems are suitable to analyze and improve the community resilience for the natural hazards?” the method of analytical-descriptive and through instruments of library study is used. The results show that the definition of Carpenter et al., 2001 is emphasized in the scientific communities, and accordingly, appropriate indicators to measure resilience were proposed in the base of four social, economic, institutional and Physical-environmental dimensions. Finally, it is extracted that the most appropriate model is the combined model of DROP Cutter and CBDM, on the base of the conceptual approaches and the presented indicator-creating structure. Because this combined model considers many features such as simultaneously a place of being centered, integrated, and gaze at the dimensions selected quality indicators and people's participation as a key multi-stakeholder partnership planning and natural disaster management in local communities.

Today, travel demand modeling techniques and use of new knowledge, an important part of transportation engineering and traffic planning in urban transportation within the accounts is, So that in recent years using modern scientific techniques and promising results have come at too. The key question now is the paper where the models of travel demand characteristics have what has been, and to obtain the actual amount of travel demand forecasting and its effect on traffic flow and reduce the necessary adjustment has? To answer this question of the scientific method combined Geographic Information System (GIS), remote sensing (RS) and multivariate linear regression analysis for spatial modeling of demand in the area 6 of Tehran has been used. The final results indicate that the variable (C3), i.e. 14.23 percent of the population of the region with the highest degree of correlation coefficient with the dependent variable in the model has been, fret the commercial user variables (C16) with 11.9-percent ratio and the number of employees working in the region 3.10 - percent respectively second and third parameters of the model are, Order through the multivariate linear regression equations obtained. The variable number of units Business region (C11) with a coefficient of -0.008930 per cent minimum impact on travel demand modeling has shown that spatial. So for testing, evaluation and final results of modeling spatial Validity travel demand, the criteria for test, The criteria for testing, fitness model results and comparison with results of existing models of multivariate regression analysis technique is derived. Final results were used criteria value (R2 = 0.73415936), ((MARE = 78.628), (RMSE = 1.43) percent is derived. According to the results, model where travel demand capabilities required for calculating the actual amount of travel demand for transportation within the city and its effect on traffic flow and decrease predicted in the study area has enjoyed.

Country partitions are one of the most important and effective government tools in space political organizing. In Iran partitioning country space to smaller units have an old history and of formation the first territory government (achamenian) until today, is used for the most favorable control on territory space. Country partitions role and function and their direct relation with nationality survival, simplifying government management acts, territory space control, etc, illustrate importance of Country partitions system security-political function. But existence of some threatening elements in the Country partitions system in Iran cause weakness and inefficiency of existent Country partitions in operating their duty. Between these political and security threatening, for their nature have particular importance. In this study 7 element consist of increasing economy-political concentration, inattention to country cultural geography, regional and local competence formation, government holes formation, informal elements penetrating in Country partitions system, inattention to people participant, being single agent of the Country partitions rule as the most important Country partitions security-political threatening elements being analyzed.

Spatial segregation in most metropolises is widely interesting issue because of their potential to foster segregation process and because of globalization impact to reinforce it. Goal of this paper is to study spatial patterns of segregation in Tehran metropolis. To examine segregation indices, we use three indices including two-group spatial segregation index, multi-group spatial segregation index and deviational ellipses respectively. The variables used for analysis from 2006 national census made by Statistics Centre of Iran and are organized in eight variables including: occupation, literacy, quality of home, area of house, family dimension, headship age, religion and ethnic status. Results show although different among variables, spatial segregation exists in Tehran. Compared with other variables, Religion and ethnicity have higher level, respectively, of two-group and multi-group spatial segregation. Despite spatial assimilation theory, religion exhibits more clustered pattern than ethnicity. Standard deviation ellipse indicates Tehran has strongly dual structure according to area of house. Also, unlike the discussed theories, increase in family size do not accompany increase in Area of house, then, sizable houses are occupied by married-couple households with few children and tend to move to North parts of the metropolis and married-couple households with more children has been deprived of ample houses and located in Northern Tehran.

In order to prevent negative impacts of tourism, ecological capability evaluation and land planning is necessary, which leads to optimized development pattern of tourism destination. National park, protected areas, forests and beautiful waterfalls, in Minoodasht area has high potential in ecotourism development, but removing forests, building new roads, change of land use in forests and protected areas, has caused incompatibility between activities and structures in this area. Hence, to sustainably develop ecotourism in this area, ecological capability evaluation and prioritizing capable zones for ecotourism is necessary. In this research, GIS and related ecological model is used to identify intensive and extensive ecotourism capable zones. From 1362 recognized environmental units in Minoodasht County (with an area of 1576 km􀬶), 83 units with an area of 11􀀃km􀬶 had capability for intensive ecotourism, 1036 units with an area of 1355􀀃km􀬶 had capability for extensive ecotourism, and 243 units with an area of 219􀀃km􀬶 werent capable for ecotourism. Afterwards 4 intensive ecotourism development capable zones were prioritized using AHP and considering natural and cultural attractions, facilities and amenities, accessibility, and distance to residential areas criteria.

In before the revolution, farming joint stock companie's creation along with other modern farming systems, a strategy is to change inefficient structures of the agricultural sector. But by reason of the lack of attention to the participation of villagers and their dissatisfaction with the revolution were quickly disbanded. After several decades and spreading of the yeoman system, the non-optimum use of land and water resources and agricultural development programs in the country's economic and social development, the need to change the farming system is required. Therefore, some experts of regional believe that with changes in the organizational structure farming joint stock companies, we can hopeful to its useful in agriculture and rural development. We see appearance of this belief in create of Sahlabad farming joint stock Company at the first company after the revolution in South Khorasan Province. This paper by presentation and search rural community participation index's at Sahlabad, to analyze their role in the formation and activities of the Company aforesaid. This study is applied and descriptive – analytical that for achieve the purposes survey and attributive methods have been used. The study population consisted of 202 stockholders and 130 numbers in them between by Cochran formula and random sampling selected and have been questioning. Data analysis was done using SPSS software. Results show participation of villagers with "RPPI" index (presenter of participation in create farming joint stock company) is great and participation of stockholders with "FSPI" index (presenter of participation of stockholders in actives of companies once a year) is in medium level. Finally we can say that farmers in Sahlabad have main role in create and continue of company.