Journal of Research and Health
Volume:2 Issue: 2, 2012

The values are the frameworks to legitimize human behaviors and to conceptualize socio-cultural phenomena. Normalizing human behavior values are formed through three main bases including cognitive, motivate, and arbitrary ones. Therefore, the normative values would shape through cognitive, motivate, and arbitrary foundations. Behavior formation and stabilization happen in the process of socialization. The socialization is the complex learning process based on reciprocal interactions through which individual behavior is moderated so as to meet the group expectations. In other words, the socialization changes the behavior values to normative behavior. Thus, the health behaviors values can be normalized through socialization.

Considering the importance of sufficient physical activity in military personnel, this study was designed to determine the levels of this activity and factors influencing it among personnel of a military center in Iran. This cross-sectional method on 191 individuals randomly selected from entire staff working in a military center. A self – report valid and reliable questionnaire was applied to collect the data. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS software, descriptive and analytical statistics. According to the findings of the study prevalence of low, moderate and high levels of physical activity by study population was 35.1%, 19.4% and 45.5% respectively.A significant positive association was seen between levels of physical activity with both knowledge (P=0.001) and gender (P=0.022). However, the association between, physical activity, with other studied factors such as age, job, and level of formal education was not significant. The most important factor of physical inactivity among participants was lack of enough free-time. On the other hand, accessibility to facilitates, organizational exercise, providing physical equipment's in job settings, and having free-time were the most important factors to promote the levels of physical activity, mentioned by the subjects. On the basis of the findings, especially considering the prevalence of the low level activity, 35.1%, and other documents supported this finding, one may conclude that performing educational program about to physical activity among military personnel seems necessary. To develop and promote enough equipment's and facilitates to increase the chance of sufficient physical activity among personnel is very important.

Inclusive education tries to enhance education of students with disabilities among regular students. The attitude of regular students toward peers with disabilities is an important challenge for inclusive education. This study aims at exploring the attitudes of fifth level students at elementary schools toward peers with disabilities. Hence, 300 fifth level students were selected at elementary schools affiliated to 10 districts of education organization in Tehran in academic year 2010-2011.”The children attitude toward people with disabilities questionnair” designed by Kamali and solimani was utilized to determine the participant's attitudes. Correlation coefficient was detected as 0.73 which shows a high reliability of the questionnair. Also, this study explored the effect of friendship with people with disabilities and demographic variables on student's attitudes to peers with disabilities. Approximately, half of participants had negative attitudes and the other half had positive attitudes toward peers with disabilities (The negative attitudes were a little more than the positive attitudes). There werent significant differences between the student's attitudes and demographic variables includingsex, job and parent's studies. Also from three switch under examination for friendship and fellowship variables including having handicaped friends, talking to handicaped people and friendship to feature of handicaped people, only having handicaped friends had a significant difference with attitudes of students (P=0.045). The findings showed having friends with disabilities leads to attitude improvment towards them. This study highlights that communication experience and friendship with students with disabilities can effect on attitudes toward them. Limitations of this study indicate the necessity of conducting further studies especially appropriate interventions to attitude improvement.

Spouse abuse is a manifestation of domestic violence that happens in the privacy and personal environment and in most cases occurs among people who are linked due to intimacy, blood relationship and legality. Violence against women can have many serious consequences such as sexual disorders, suicide, anxiety, low self-esteem and self-efficacy, unwanted pregnancy and serious harm due to the cause of violence (even committing suicide). The main purpose of this study was to compare the spouse abuse, low self-esteem and sexual disorders between urban and rural married women. In this descriptive study, we selected 1270 respondents married women who lived in Jahroom, using random sampling. We used domestic violence, self-esteem, sexual disorders and sexual satisfaction questionnaires.According to the results, the rate of received mental, psychical, and economic violence in rural women was significantly higher than that in urban women and the rate of self-esteem in urban women was significantly higher than that in rural women and there was a significant relationship between the types of spouse abuse and distinctive of self-esteem in women. So, it seems that spouse abuse, as one manifestation of domestic violence, can affect couple's lives from different angles. It can cause bad sexual performance,reduction of self-confidence in women, and consequently disorder in interpersonal relationship.

With the onset of pregnancy, the pregnant woman undergoes many physical and mental changes which in turn cause changes in her health behavior and lifestyle. The lifestyle has long-lasting effects on the mother and infant's health during pregnancy. The descriptive and cross-sectional study aimed at studying the pregnant women's lifestyle. The participants were 115 pregnant women who were randomly selected based on stratified random sampling method from health service centers in Gonabad, Iran. The data were collected through a demographic questionnaire and a self-report questionnaire of pregnancy lifestyle. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS software version 16 at p<0.05 level of significance. The pregnant women's age average was 20±0.27 and their gestation age average was 23±0.6 weeks. 83.5% of them were housekeeper, 41.7% of them had a schooling of high school diploma, and 54.8% of them were primipara. The results obtained from different aspects of the lifestyle questionnaire during pregnancy showed that the participant's means were as follows: in food habits (7.93%±0.14), in smoking (13.46±0.13), in health and physical activities (3.67±0.11), in stress control (6.71±0.17), and in safety (11.38±0.11). The results indicated that the most desirable component of lifestyle was related to lack of drug and cigarette consumption. On the other hand, the most undesirable component was related to stress control. Regarding the findings of this research, it seems warranted to provide adequate education and information for the personnel especially in using techniques against stress and self-control in health areas and practicing physical activities properly and regularly.

Nowadays in Iran the majority of health and medical budget is spent on uncontagious diseases, especially in the field of heart disease diagnosis. This research aimed at surveying the relation between insurance funds of medical service and heart inpatients costs in the second half of the year 1388. The research is through applied method and its methodology is descriptive analysis in which nine hospitals have been under survey counting all members of society under study. The data were extracted from patient's files through a checklist and the reliability of checklist was confirmed by specialists of health services management field and the managers of medical service insurance. The data analysis was performed through SPSS software. The findings show that self-employed fund was the most cost mean (44111000 Rials) and fund of other parts was the least (12067000 Rials). In all insurance funds, except funds of other social strata, the most costs were related to hoteling costs. Considering the fact that self-employed fund allocated the most average of heart diseases cost, cultural reengineering by medical services insurance organization and more surveillance insurance organization on side arrangement organization has become the most effective solution for controlling the cost of sanitation and increasing revenue services for insured people. Instruction insured people and society about prevention and remedy diseases at primary phase can decrease the cost of bed ridden.

Dietary habits and patterns form in childhood and remain until the end of life. Children need nutrition education to obtain necessary skills to select the correct food. The research was performed the effects of peer education based on Health Belief Model on nutrition behaviors in primary school boys in Zahedan city in 2011-2012.In the quasi-experimental study, 217 male students at the fourth grade of elementary school were selected via simple multi-stage random sampling and divided into two intervention and control groups. A questionnaire in pre-testing was completed by two groups. Based on these results, need assessment was done and educational intervention was performed through questions and answers technique by trained peers on intervention group. The training meeting was 45 minutes. Post-test was conducted 2 months later. The collected data were inserted in SPSS software and analyzed by the statistical independent t-test, paired t-test, Pearson Correlation test, and regression analysis.The results showed thatbefore intervention, mean scores of knowledge, perceived benefits, barriers, susceptibility and severity, and self-efficacy were not significantly different between the two groups. After training, scores of all variables in intervention group significantly increased. Regression model, including behavior as the dependent variable and awareness, perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers, and self-efficacy as predictors, was significance. The results showed that the model-based nutrition education through peers has a positive impact on the nutrition behavior of students. Therefore, designing training programs based on the model can be effective on student's nutritional behavior with emphasis on perceived benefits.

Personality traits of each person form his main psychological structure which helps to shape his life style. So, the purpose of this study was to determine therelation betweenpersonality traits with spiritual intelligence and quality of life in students. This descriptive study was correlational. All students of AllamehTabatabaie University took part in this study in 2009-2020. Among them, 200 students (100 girls and 100 boys) were selected through multistage cluster sampling based on Morgan formula. Spiritual Intelligence, SF36 & BFI were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis by means of SPSS version 19. According to the results, quality of life and spiritual intelligence had positive correlation with Extraversion, Openness to experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness and had negative correlations with Neuroticism. Among personality traits, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism could explain 20 percent of the variance of spiritual intelligence. Also, Neuroticism and Conscientiousness could account for about 41 percent of the variance of quality of life. These results can indicate that spiritual intelligence is a separate character of personality. Moreover, there are relations between quality of life and personality traits. It shows that individualswithhigherquality of lifecan be moresuccessful and have more healthyinterpersonalcommunication with others to getotherconsent.

A total of 6000 people are infected with Malaria in Iran annually. Sistan& Baluchistan province is ranked in the first place in the country. A before-after intervention was conducted in 2011 in Chabahar city, Iran. Eleven questions were used to assess cognitive skills, 8 questions were to assess attitude skills and 6 questions were used for measuring behavioral skills. Three hundred participants were enrolled from three districts of Chabahar regional area. Chi-Square, independent & paired T-test and one-way ANOVA were performed for data analysis using SPSS software. The cognitive skills were increased significantly from 6.04 to 8.8 after intervention. The attitude skills were increased significantly from 15.8 to 18.2 following intervention. Among the behavioral skills, all of them (Using anti-mosquito net at nights, referring to the health facilities once the fever occurred, receiving all the medications if infected, sleeping under anti-mosquito net when infected, trying to dry the waste water and attending the malaria-related training courses) improved after the intervention. Perceived behavioral control was increased from 10.4 to 12.1 significantly. Subjective norms were enhanced significantly from 10.4 to 12.4. Mean behavioral intense was increased significantly from 10.4 to 12.1.The findings demonstrated that implementing educational intervention programs can increase the level of knowledge, attitude, and behavior of community regarding malaria preventive initiatives.

Children and adolescent's health is a priority in all countries because the future situation of every country is based on it. It seems that a fifth (or probably a higher number) of children and adolescents suffer from dull to moderate mental disorders in the world. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of education by group discussion about the mental health preventive behaviors in13-year-old girls in district six of Tehran. The study was a quasi-experimental study. The research populations were 53 girls of second grade of state secondary school in district 6 of Tehran. They were chosen by cluster sampling method. The case students were educated for 11 sessions for 1 hour and by group discussion and making posters in groups, then, the samples were tested by a valid and reliable checklist in 2 stages. Before intervention, the average of preventive behaviors was 44.49 (SD=7.946) and 52.68 (SD=8/781) after intervention. After the educational intervention, paired t-test showed a significant difference between the average of preventive behaviors (P<0.001). Finally, it appears that education by group discussion about mental health preventive behaviors is effective in adolescent girls.