پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 21 (زمستان 1389)

However both clergies appalling mashruteh government and intellectuals who attitude to western modernity were considered as ideologists of Mashruteh revolution of Iran, but two mentioned thinking way have controversies and contradiction each other. Roots of those disputes backed to their separate ontology and ideologies. Clergies stated their point of view on base of Islamic values (especially) on base of shiism), however Iranian intellectuals, imitating from European likes, tried of establish new structure which came from schools such as humanism, secularism, scientism, and experimentalism, although their standards and goals were almost the same, they interpretations differ from each other which were produced by two different ideas and values. Sometimes those experiences were polarized and contrastive. Even, two thinkers posed face to face of each other. Ideas of intellectuals, basically, had earned from European renaissance which tried to making separate between secular affairs (like politics, Economy, Culture, etc) and religious affairs. Therefore two different streams couldnt cooperate each other.

Diaries are the most important documents about Iranian history that their translation and analysis can help us to understand more about our history. Also we know that remain only a few remains of historic baths; because this type of architecture is very weak against damages and demolitions. For this reason, all diarie's writings about baths can find special importance. This paper reviews some of the most famous and important diaries with the analytic and comparative methods to find more about bath's architecture and leave the anthropological aspects. The results show that all reviewed diaries pointed 281 times to different aspects of bath's architecture. Naser-al Din Shah's diary with 34 times, Jakob Eduard Polak's diary with 26 and Gaspard Drouville's diary with 24 times have some important information about bath's architecture.

Social issues, economic and cultural principles of civilization that the country is a scientific necessity than Unfortunately, history scholars, under the themes of economic, societal. The economic functions of government programs and the Qajar period before it has a unique feature.Because competition for land resources of the Russian and British governments of Iran and influence on international relations, economic and political conditions in the country is placed. Economic performance of governments in the Qajar "foreign debt" is critically important. This article focuses on questions of foreign borrowing in the Shah's era. Research findings indicate that the use of field dependence on foreign borrowing and the debt has more and resources to improve people's lives has not taken effect.

In the old ancient history of Iran country, the same name for different people in the length of time.kings of Iran like Egyptian and Assyrian’s kings, used their ancestor’s names, for example, Okhoos named himself “DariusII” and kodman named himself “DariudIII” and Besoos named himself “ArtaxerxesIV”. Iranian special names were according to their esteem, reputation and magnificence. Each name had an inheritance of old times that with individual identity and the culture of that territory.Some of Iranian names have been changed as result of intermingle with Grecian language. Names are a symbol of culture in society and for protecting cultural inheritance, it is completely necessary to record these names that are used currently today. In this text meanings, etymology and derivational case of Achaemanian king’s name have been mentioned. And with the reference of historian reports, inscriptions, interpretations and opinions of Orientals that have had researches in this cases the matter will be researched.

The Buwayhid government in fourth century AH / tenth AD in central and western parts of Iran to Baghdad in its influence was widespread, in this territory in the neighborhood and the vast border was at the end of this century, of Ghznavids created his government in the Greater Khorasan and Iran's territory in the East. This led to the establishment of a series of neighborhood relations and communications between two governments were symmetrical, the dimensions of this issue and is investigating. Military expansionism and Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi's leadership power, who was always willing to extend western borders of his territory, It caused campaign of attacks to the territory of Al- Buyid areas such as Ray, Isfahan and Krman and conquered the areas. Although Ghaznavids used religion as a cause of fighting for advanced political goals and military Heretical (Rafzyan) and Carmath and took advant and thereby attempting to rape her campaign especially Al Buyid Shiite territory to justify, However, their rule in center and west of Iran did not last longer than a decade, and their interventions in these areas did not give them permanent success. According to overall look and relations between these two symmetry government and its special characteristics,of the issues discussed in this article are based on methodical study and research.

Development and progress of each country is influenced by its structures and functions. political, cultural, legal and religious foundations are the main origin of society. The efficiency of main foundations and structures of a society indicate not only characteristics, properties and content of structures of a nation, but also is a basis for development and progress of that country as well. On the other hand, the present status of each society mostly turns toward the status of its foundations and structures in the past. This article has studied the structural aspects of Iran in the last 200 years with a historical sociological approach. In study of these aspects, economical, political, cultural, educational, legal and religious structures have been focused in particular.

After the splendid Islamic revolution of Iran was von in 1357 all equations of the East and the West world in that time were demolished. By this revolution, the Americans had lost one of the main and strategic base in East, where it was very chaos and unrest. The Shah's regim which was a kind of gendarme in Persian Gulf, had the big and famous military force in the reigon and was supported by America, Over throwned and the Chant of: "down with Zionist" which came in power by terror and gun, were heurled everywhere in Islamic world and Iran. The triumph and victory of Iran's Islamic revolution with the leadership of the late Imam Khomeini had given a real soul to the resistance of Palestinian Muslems who recieved a new life against Zionists regim. Since, the supporters of this regim could not reach their goals and purpose in this revolution, Started to damage the revolutionary aims in another way, we hope some day we could see the freedom of the virtuous Qods and Vanishing their usurped regim from the Islamic land in future by the God's help.

Endowment was praiseworthy in Islamic tradition by which many benevolent and public utilities endured in society. Safavid kings who made shiism as formal tradition in Iran, also encouraged and strengthened their attention to affairs relating to endowment. They endowed too many properties to respectful and holy places such as the holy threshold (shrine) of Imam Reza in Mashhad, the holy shrine of Hazrate Masomeh in Qom, the holy shrine of Abdol Azim-e-Hassani in Shahre-Rey and the holy shrine of Sheikh Safieddin Ardabili in Ardabil. Therefore, Safavid dynasties were famous for endowment in all periods in Iran history. They themselves supervised the endowment affairs. Endowment was flourished and developed in 10th and 11th centuries. The existence of Shiites around the holy shrine of abdol Azim-e- Hassani and speciall attention of Shiites to him led to people endowment for holy shrine and its expenditures. This tradition is continued today and led to the shriving of the holy shrine. Safavid kings endowed many properties to the holy shrine of Abdol Azim-e-Hassani; Now trere have been remained eight properties from those periods which include: Alaien, Eliman, Dah kheir, Sinak, Hosaneh, Khalazir, Mafton and Khoraien.