دو فصلنامه مشاور دامپزشک
پیاپی 8-10 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

Lichen as ‘an ecologically obligated, stable mutualism between an exhabitant fungal partner (mycobiont) and an inhabitant population of extracellularly located unicellular or filamentous algal or cyanobacterial cells (phycobiont). Lichens are not the only possible fungal/algal or fungal/cyanobacterial symbioses Some have the aspect of leaves; others cover the substrate like a crust, others such as the genus Ramalina adopt shrubby forms, and there are gelatinous lichens such as the genus Collema Lichens are named based on the fungal component, which plays the primary role in determining the lichen's form. The fungus typically comprises the majority of lichen’s bulk, though in filamentous and gelatinous lichens this is not always the case. The lichen fungus is typically a member of the Ascomycota and rarely a member of the Basidiomycota. Lichens are eaten by some different cultures across the world. Although some lichens are only eaten in times of famine, others are a staple food or even a delicacy. Additional lichens produce secondary compounds that are used in Cosmetics, Dyeing and Industries.

All of us have used canned food once in our life time. Canned foods are the most prominently used packed food all over the world. The canning process dates back to the late 18th century in France when the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, concerned about keeping his armies fed, offered a cash prize to whoever could develop a reliable method of food preservation. Nicholas Appert conceived the idea of preserving food in bottles, like wine. After 15 years of experimentation, he realized if food is sufficiently heated and sealed in an airtight container, it will not spoil. More than 50 years later, Louis Pasteur provided the explanation for canning's effectiveness when he was able to demonstrate that the growth of microorganisms is the cause of food spoilage. The canning process was developed to preserve food safely and for long periods of time. for decades, many foods were only available in cans. Today, the consumer has more options and can often find fresh and frozen alternatives to canned food, but canned food remains an essential part of the contemporary pantry. canned foods are comparable to their cooked fresh and frozen counterparts. Plus, they’re available year-round so they can easily be added to favorite recipes for convenient meal solutions. Canned food only needs to be warmed through before serving because it has already been cooked in the can. Because canned food is packed at the peak of harvest, it also is packed at its nutrient peak. As foods age, they begin to shed some of their essential nutrients. Fruits and vegetables especially have the highest nutrient content when they are ripest. Since canneries are located close to the point of harvest, few if any nutrients are lost in transit. Beside the effectiveness of conning foods, some ingredients and additive in conned foods is harmful for human and animal, for example salt, sugar, chemical preservatives, microbial contamination of these foods such as Botulism should be attended. Botulinus intoxication is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by botulinum toxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum under anaerobic conditions. Botulism can be prevented by killing the spores by cooking at 121 C (250 F) for 3 minutes or providing conditions that prevent the spores from growing.

From ancient period moulds and microscopic Fungi have been living in circumstances that other organisms can live. Fungi exist everywhere so they are pronoun as ubiquitous microorganisms. Despite the small size and microscopic form of elements producing colonies, recognizing them is not difficult because of various multicolor colonies that arising from organic substances. These substances include fruits, seeds, foods, papers, leathers and …. Most often they live as saprophytes. The most important cause to growth Fungi is suitable substance; Moisture is the second cause that Fungi are classified to three types from the moisture point of view: 1- Xerophilic, 2- Mesophilic, 3- Hydrophilic Amount of temperature (cold or warm) is the third cause that classifies Fungi to five types.

Wetlands are among the world’s most productive environments. They are cradles of biological diversity, providing the water and primary productivity upon which countless species of plants and animals depend for survival. They support high concentrations of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrate species. Wetlands are also important storehouses of plant genetic material. Rice, for example, which is a common wetland plant, is the staple diet of more than half of humanity. One of the most important and beautiful wetlands is miyankale area in Iranian country. Miyānkāle peninsula is a narrow but long peninsula in Mazandaran Province in the north of Iran situated in the extreme south-eastern part of the Caspian Sea. This area is one of the richest ecological havens in West Asia and perhaps in the whole world. It is home to many unique Caspian bird and reptile species native to this region. It's also a very important internationally-recognized refuge for migratory birds that was designated a Ramsar Convention (The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat) in 1975. This agreement is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. It sets apart the Gorgan Bay from the Caspian Sea. The elevation of the peninsula from the sea level is 23 meters and four villages are situated on it namely: Ashuradeh, Qezel-e shomali, Qezel-Mehdi and Qavasatl. The city situated at the opposite side of the peninsula's end is Bandar Torkaman. Miankaleh biosphere has been expressed as mixed mountainous biome system. This nature reserve is under threat by Industry & Tourism. While Extensive fishing & hunting has damaged the ecological balance & many species are either moribund or under threat of total extinction. By thesessentences Miankaleh calls us for more concentration.

Cloning in terminology is derived from the Greek word for "trunk or branch", that referring to the process whereby a new plant can be created from a twig But in biology cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments (molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning), or organisms. The term also refers to the production of multiple copies of a product such as digital media or software. Who is dolly? Dolly, a female domestic sheep, is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. She was cloned by colleagues at the Roslin Institute. She was born on 5 July 1996 and she lived until the age of six. The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual. As the matter of facts Dolly is the first step of long way.