نشریه توسعه محلی (روستایی - شهری)
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 6، بهار و تابستان 1391)

The discussion about participation in issues such as democracy, development, etc. has gained importance. Participation and rural development, as the two related and complementary elements, has been considered as factors that increase the participation rate among the villagers and a sign for rural development. The main purpose of the present research is to evaluate the role of people in rural regions development plans with an emphasis on Sharam town (Kermanshah province, Paweh city, Nawsoud region). Doing that, it is possible to use that evaluation in developing a policy and plan for rural regions. In the present study, considering the strategy of participation in rural development and participatory rural development theories, the explanation and evaluation of the role of public participation in integrated projects in rural areas become the focus of concern and in literature review some of the most important resources on public participation in development projects in rural areas has been studied.This study is practical and somewhat descriptive. Unorganized interviews and in certain cases observations and review of available documents were used as techniques for data collection. The findings of the study have identified that participation does not mean villagers cooperation in others’ plans. Participation has different levels of involvement and a good participation happens when villagers participate in mental, objective, administrative and decision-making levels. In addition, proper planning and use of villagers’ capabilities could provide a good platform for success of integration projects. Emphasizing on using participation theories and applying a comprehensive and systematic attitude for explaining the role of people in participating in the town plan and similar plans, we should also consider the rural development strategy and theories related to participatory rural development.

Theory and method in research of Indigenous knowledge and its role in the process of rural sustainable development
Nowadays within development literature, there is paradigms like internal rural development, sustainable rural life stakes, sustainable development and post- development which protect putting forward and application of indigenous knowledge in development process of societies, especially local communities. Therefore, paying attention to this subject and recognizing its methodological frames, has got a lot of importance. Such an issue has been described in this article. So, in searching for sustainable development, we must pay much importance to so old information- that can be called the mother of formal science-. This article has been written in searching of such goal and tries for entrance of discussions about indigenous knowledge into development literature with a fresh looks on development studies and rural development.
Key words: Development, Rural Development, Indigenous Knowledge, Formal Science, Appraisal of Rural Participation, Gender Research.

Since the emergence of the idea of development, several theoretical models have been proposed to explain the status of development. Consequently, policies and developmental programs have been implemented in different countries and regions. One of the theoretical models that have been used in the past two decades is the good governance model. This pattern, due to the paradigm shift in the development patterns, as well emphasis placed on human and social development in the past two decades, has drawn more and more attention. Perhaps the most important advantage of the present model over its previous models is on the interactive relation among governments, private sectors and society in the development process, and also its flexibility in employing developmental policies based on local models. The purpose of this article is the evaluation of the theoretical model of good governance. This paper, using structural equation, tries to test the good governance model in improving human development condition.

Second home tourism and aspects of its migration
Considering the mountainous location, vicinity to the Tonekabon city center, natural scenery and good weather, second homes tourism in Dohezar region in Tonekabon city is considered as a form of tourism and this kind of tourism development in the region has had different consequences. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between migration and development of tourism. The research method is analytical-explanatory with an emphasis on field surveys and completing the questionnaire. The data were processed and analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Based on the research findings, second home tourism in the region has a high level of development. Moreover, there is a direct relationship between the development of tourism and second homes, but, in relation to permanent reverse migrations, there is no relationship between second homes tourism development and reverse migration.
Key words: Tourism, Second Homes, Migration, Seasonal Migration, Rural Areas, Dohezar, Tonekabon.

Using the theory of dialectics of medical interviews, by Elliot Mishler, which gives voice to the notion of lifeworld in the Patient-Physician Interaction (PPI), in this study the conducting and consulting patterns of physicians in communicating with, and medicating patients from rural areas of Ardabil city has been studied, where a large majority of people are ethnically Azerbaijani, and speaking in Azerbaijani Turkish language. Briefly reviewing the body of knowledge and literature on the PPI and its patterns, this article, like works of Mishler, asserted the significance of the lifeworld in the domains of medical anthropology and medical sociology. To do this, methodologically a constellation of methods including ethnographical methods, participatory observation, observing the medication process (so-called the outpatient treatment of patients at the governmental health centers or clinic by the general physicians) and also some other audio-visual evidence was used. Taking a qualitative data management approach, ten medical interviews or conversations of physicians with their rural patients in both governmental health care centers and the private clinics was comparatively typified and analyzed. The findings of this qualitative inquiry revealed that the PPI based on the voice of lifeworld capable both physicians and patients to engage with the lifeworld. In this view, the rural patients were recognized as unique human beings with further opportunities to talk in some more details about their health-related problems (The mutual lifeworld), what is rarely taken place in the private clinics of Ardebil city. The results also showed that while patient-centered pattern of PPI is very common in private clinics, in the governmental health centers of Ardebil there is no or less room for configuring the same pattern of PPI, as the majority of these centers are outpatient ones. In the governmental health centers, dominant pattern of doctor–patient communication is the physician-centered pattern. In conclusion, dominance of physician-centered pattern of PPI, in particular in the governmental treatment centers of Ardebil city, means that in these centers the importance of dealing with the concerns of the lifeworld for rural patients and voice of the lifeworld as a more humane, more effective medical care is still ignored in this part of the country.

Rural women's role in sustainable development, not only has attracted the attention of planners to this group of the rural population, but it has also made this attention essential. Thus, paying little attention to women in planning and allocation of resources, slow down or even lead to the failure of some of the developing programs. Therefore, the empowerment of rural women, as half of the development power, has captured a lot of attention. This explanatory - analytic approach has been done in villages in the central part of Lahijan city. Using IT tools and communication, this study presents a model for empowerment of rural women. Data have been collected via library –field method, and a questionnaire and the research data were analyzed using multivariable regression and path analysis. Results showed that information and communication technologies are able to work well in processes such as welfare, awareness, participation and control. In this regard, the analytical model was done via SPSS software and conclusions were drawn.

Migration is one of the most important factors in regional development and considerable factor in social and demographic planning of any country. In Iran, this demographic – economic phenomenon has not a proper distribution among provinces. One of the imbalanced migration flows is emigration from East Azerbaijan to Tehran (both are Iran’s provinces). Its expansion and intensity has caused emigration clusters of East Azerbaijan be formed in most part of Tehran. Qualitative study of focused groups of the mentioned emigration flows illustrates that its pioneer emigrants have low ranks in social-economic status, compared with native inhabitants of both provinces. With promotion in their economic conditions, to help their family and relatives, they remittance to their rural origins. This act and villagers enthusiasm to visit migrants’ conditions in capital has caused social intercourse and primary relationship between destination and origin. With extension of this kind of communication and the pioneer emigrants’ encouragement and help network emigration from East Azerbaijan (mostly from rural areas) to Tehran has increased. This act caused emigration behavior as a principle in social-economic status development of rural families is considered. Acceptance and internalizing this kind of population behavior in some parts of East Azerbaijan is so great that we witness some parts of this area are uninhabited because of emigration.