فصلنامه سیاست
سال چهل و دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، تابستان 1391)

In this article there has been endeavor to examine the interaction between media and politics regarding the propounded theories. From a general viewpoint it could be recognized three approaches. First is media oriented, second is society oriented and third one is mixed or hybrid oriented view. For easy and simple understanding of these theories samples for each of the said arch approaches have been shown. In the end, regarding the criticisms to any of these approaches "News Production Model" approach regarding the sociological base and enclosing the attributed variables more objectively, will be introduced as comprehensive analysis of these relations.The most important variable involved in this approach are as below: Political enviroment, The rules and regulations of Media, The ownership of Media, the professional norms of Journalism and the degree of development of public relations.

The arms trade of northern states with southern states is the only one of the fields of international intricate network which relates strong states to poor states and can be understood only in this general text framework. Negative effects of military expenses are evident to all as a barrier against development of the southern states. Not only are northern states responsible for militarism of southern states, but also these southern states causing such problem for some reasons. Today, prosperous arms markets and colonial imposition of this trade on southern states are affected by major global changes and some matters such as collapse of the Soviet, globalization of capitalism, September 11 attacks, terrorism combat pretext, economic crises in northern states and scientific advances, military and arms technology especially in Nano and space areas cause increasing expansion of this profitable trade, militarism and underdevelopment of most southern states.

Some authors have tried Theory of political representation Put Theoretical foundations of Government in Islamic society. However, it seems Being in conflict with the principles of Shia political thought And weaknesses of this theory in explaining the political realities, has been led to failure The theory in Provide a Justified explanation of the fundamental legitimacy of the government's Shiite political thought. In the present paper After Providing a realistic description of this theory has been tried The theory Be analyzed in light of the requirements Shiite political thought.

In this paper issue from the viewpoints of corruption "Khajeh NezamolMULK Tousi", Minister powerful "Malek Shah" was the Seljuki investigated. "Khajeh NezamolMULK Tousi" in the book "policy letter", their viewpoints regarding the expression of a desirable governmental structure and also will express their viewpoints, problems in political and administrative structure of the Seljuk shall tell. In this paper, based on remarks in the book "Khajeh NezamolMULK Tousi" policy to issue letters of corruption in the four headings political corruption, bureaucratic corruption, corruption, religious and social corruption in the headlines we have paid, Causes of corruption based on ideas expressed "Khajeh NezamolMULK Tousi" has we have given and analyzed.

“Da’wah Principle” in Islam _ that means “issuing a summons” or “making an invitation to Islam”, “preaching” and notification of a divine message to all human beings – has a lofty position in Islam’s diplomacy. The principle be accomplished before “Initial Jihad”. The prophet of Islam execued the principle by letter- writing, inviting the rulers of Byzantine and Persia and other peripheral powers since 6 Hejira. In Iran, after Islamic Revolution, “Da’wah Principle” became one of the most important and effective characteristics, approximately unchangeable, in the whole of international and regional conferences, also in the expressions of statesmen’s perspectives, and one of stable principle of the Diplomacy Department. At the first, Imam Khomeini has noticed to the principle in his own Feghh books, then it be continued by writing the letter to Gorbachov, and by giving speeches for Moslem nations; after that, by Ayatollah Khamenei – the then president-; and recently by president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has strongly noticed.

Over the last century, oil has not only had no positive role in the Iran, but also had slowed down and even stalled development, thus derailing and delaying their nation-state building.The effects of oil in the nation-state building are in economic, political and social aspects. In economic aspect, oil has contributed to the formation of a single product economy, consolidation of state economy, weaken bourgeoisie, increase in corruption and lack of competition. The weakened and marginal role of social forces in producing national wealth, low and non-standard social indicators, consumer and nonproductive society, subsidized housing, social inequality, weakened middle class and increase in social corruption are all the social indicators of countries dependent on oil. ‍‍‍Centralized power, rentier state, governmental and affiliated parties and political groups, nondevelopmental states, intervention of external forces and widening gaps between social and political structures are negative affects of oil revenues in political area.

The relationship between social capital and internal security has been shown in different studies. But is there a relationship between social capital and international security? To find the answer we dealt with two paths. The first, borrowing the concept of International Society examines the existence of social capital in this “society”. The role of trust and norms in international society in increasing cooperation and decreasing military conflicts is a manifestation of the impact of social capital on international security. The second path studies the role of social capital in international security through an intermediate variable; economic development. What has been shown here is a direct (but not necessarily linear) relationship between social capital and economic development on one hand and between economic development and International security on the other.

One of important critiques, communtarian to liberal Philosophy was in ontologic dimension upon concept of the Individual. They claims that sense “the Self” is part of Community, On Other hands, With highlight on essense Social of the Self, offers social picture of that. Because They belives that the Self has shaped in historical and social context, so far as ends, values, convictions resulting from the community. By Contrast, liberal philosophy in general and The Theory of justice of John Rawls in particular has emphasize on the picture of Individual and a priori Individualized. Hence, present essay attempet to evaluate only Ontological dimension in the thought of Communitarians, with supposing that output the claim within sphere political ontology, is merely alternative for that and its essence nothing that situated and social constructed Self.

Washington's continued aggressive approach to boost its geopolitical and geostrategic advantages over Russia through NATO's eastward expansion and European anti missile system was a clear proof to Moscow that the strategic balance is changing in favor of USA and at the same time its strategic vulnerability is increasing. Simultaneity of these developments with a positive perception in Moscow of possibility of realizing the idea of “great power” has encouraged Russia to try to balance more with United States. This situation with an increase in the feeling of decline in relative security in both sides has enhanced “uncertainly” then “security dilemma” between them. Disruption in the bilateral arms control is one of its consequences. In spite of the fact that START-3 treaty’s entry into force increased hope to solve "the security dilemma”, remaining the atmosphere of Mistrust indicates that the agreements are fragile.

When neo-conservative came to power, they acquired twofold behavioral models towards nuclear case of Iran. Mainly, this derives of essential conflicts of the two state, and partly, because of differential regional and international interests and favorites of U.S. and Islamic Republic of Iran. With studying Iranian nuclear viewpoints, we analyze the mentioned American strategy and tactics, with historical analytic approach. For this, it would be considered possible choices and executed approaches in both of behavior change and regime change. At last, structural international and regional obstacles of American foreign policy, we considered, using fragile deterrence choice as favored approach will be suggested.

The relations of India and Israel and United State have its importance. Many of Islamic countries avoid of having evident relations with Israel and they have attention on their public opinion. For some Islamic countries Israel had constructed with colonial complot. So she occupied Palestine. India has a large Muslim population and for this reason, and neighboring with Pakistan, establishing a relation between India and Israel had its importance. United State with its strategic relation with India and Israel, allowed them to continue their atomic activities. By neglecting of the non-engagement treaty (NPT) signature of India and Israel, United State aids their allies to gain the nuclear weapon and their latest technologies for it.

Morgenthau is usually believed to be a modernist theorist of international relations. His Realism is taken to present a scientific pattern of human political behavior. Yet Morgenthau himself was a critic of “scientific” models for the explanation and prediction of human behavior. This article, in line with the body of work that criticizes the usual understanding of Morgenthau, shows how his thought was influenced by thinkers whose ideas were in some significant respects against the modern naturalist philosophy of social science. His philosophical anthropology, his ontology with its emphasis on the complex and contingent nature of international life, his criticism of Behavioralism in IR, his hermeneutic approach to knowledge, and the way in which he saw the role of ethics in international life would all suggest that he was far from being a modernist thinker and that, at the same time, he avoided the extremities of postmodernism.

Author reconsiders the possibilities of methodolgical reconstruction of political science. He tries to avoid prevaleat cliches in traditional interpretation of political inquiry and, instead, promotes dynamism and reflexivity in research. In this regard, following essay rests on the potentialities of pragmatic approach. Really, pragmatism, as a methodology, has adequate philosophical capability for introducing some fundamental changes in political inquiry. Author accounts these innovations, for example, focusing on experience and its role in political life and the necessity of the redefinition of political truth.

In the Persian Gulf, countries understand each other differently and face "uncertainty". Accordingly, each State defines its security environment within international and regional context and identify threats in order to plan against. The propaganda and actions by the West and especially the United States in shaping the regional security regarding their relationship with Islamic Republic and its security self-image of Iran (Iran phobia) has a great impact and their understanding to threats perform various actions such as the allocation of human and financial resources for military purposes as an oldest methods and tools to deal with security threats. thus, The regional countries military strategy relate directly with the structural components of security and insecurity and are based on maximizing the structural safety, through purchasing weapons and defense and security agreements with transregional forces.

The relation between economic development and democracy; and between oil and democracy has been tested from various points of view. The aim of this article is to find the possibility of economic development and democracy in the oil exporting countries, and it concludes that the formation of civil institutions and civil society helps bringing democracy to the countries with rentier economy by making the government transparent and responsible, and makes possible for these countries to reach economic and human development.

After passing more than one hundred years of Mashroteh (constitutionalism) revolution as one of the most important socio-political changes, there is many unidentified text which has not been discussed yet. The role of Molla Mohammad jafar ycleped Sheakh O Olama can be noted as one of these discussions. In this article, the author has studied the influence of Sheakh O Olama on liberalism trend and anti despotism of Kermanian characters of Mashroteh such as Mirza Aghakhan, Nazemodoleh, Majdol Islam and Sheakh Ahmad e Rohi.

We need Sociology Theories, For that Understand of Sociology and Politic Problems. French Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's theory Practice and Symbolic Power are our best resource; for Understanding Social and Political Fields. This Article Reviews the Language and Symbolic Power; indicating its Function in social and Political Fields.

The triumph of khatami in the presidential election of second khordad (1997) was a turning-point in political conflicts in Islamic Republic of Iran. After the election, there has been a controversial debate About the nature of this collective action. Some scholars define it as a social movement while others say a social movement has some characteristics like organization and leadership which second khordad collective action did not have. The author tries to offer a detailed definition of social movements and compares their necessary characteristics with the second khordad collective action

The purpose of this paper is evaluating of development process of China presence in Persian Gulf from needed energy point of view. in this field existance of great energy resources in Persian Gulf countries cause that the people's republic of China perform a solution for their needed energy that in recent decades specially in industrial area is created with high economic development. from this point of view, China often like industrial powers to Persian Gulf because of possesing great energy resources showed an unique attention in that and try to have a way to a continual and reliable accessibility to energy and provide his energy security by Persian Gulf resources. So China try to develop his relationship and cooperations with zone countries specially two important zone countries,Iran and Saudi Arabia and in this direction he avoid to encounter with ultrazone powers,too and create oil ensure partners fields in oil market of Persian Gulf far away of any crisis and challenge.

The subjects such as identity and national identity consider as important subjects of humanity science, social science and sociology, in most countries in the world. These subjects are most important in the contries like Iran, with a long history, a deep culture, and a several thousand civilization. Especially, during the last two decades, the interest of Iranian researchers became more to writing about identity and national identity, because of currency of subjects such as globalization and regional and international rapid changes, as a consequence these matters as current universal processes, effect on national identity of countries and have changed it a lot. One of the important consequences of these processes is the need of rethinking and reconstruction of national identity. Because of the importance of this issue, this article focuses on reviewing one of the most recent and typical books which has been written by one of the fomous researcher and writer who writes about identity and national identity.The book of “The Basics of National Identity of Iran, Theoric structure of Citizen-Oriented National Identity” that has been written by Dr. Hamid Ahmadi, after criticizing of different traditional and modern approaches and viewpoints to national identity of Iran, is introduced the approach of “historical sociology”, and is proposed the reconstruction of identity discourse of people-citizen-oriented. This research that consists of three sections and eleven chapters, consider as a valuable and systematic book about national identity of Iran. In spite of the critiques about this research, which come in this article, we cannot ignore or deny many positive points and different prominences of this book. We must say that this research is very admirable because using of many capacities of culture and civilization of Iran for creating a new theory about identity, with considering national interests, and in this regard the author is very professional.