پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 11 (تابستان 1387)

The American protestant missioners that had entered in Iran in late of Fathali Shah Qajar reign, started their religion mission oriented to convert Uremia inhabitants to Protestantism once learned some dialects of north west region of Iran. Since, the Russians backed Armenians and the French boosted Catholics, the Americans missioners, at first, did not show a considerable measure in order to attract these two religious groups. Since the Nestorians did not enjoyed of any foreign groups, the American missioners, with a huge capital and the protection of British embassy in Tehran, started their vast teaching by Nestorians of Uremia. This paper tries, by using the records of Iran ministry of foreign affaires, to show the conversion of Nestorians religion by the American missioners in Mohammad Shah period and early Nassereddin Shah Qajar reign.

One of the most important building in Nagsh _e_ Rustan near Persepolis which is very important from historical and religious aspects is the cube of Zoroaster. Although the cube of Zoroaster is dated to achaemenid period but shapur I and kartirs rock reliefs on the wall of that building is very important to recognize the sassanid period. the trilingual inscription of shapur I. in acids Pahlavi sassanian Pahlavi, creek give us precious information’s abut sassanian period. The inscription has the most complete information about sassanid authority, descriptions of Iran and Rome wars, titles of honor and posts in sassanid court.

As the result of the centralization of the power, security. And the hegemony established by the ilkhanids; the grounds of commercial flourishment were prepared and the urban economy in many significant sections of their territory started development. The commercial development in the ilkhanid era, being directly connected with the Mongol might in their vast empire, embodied the development of the commercial routs in this era. In this period of history, commercial activities in both land and sea routs bloomed significantly. The main part of the commercial activities was along "the Silk Road" and "the Spice Road". Mongols had a particular consideration for the commercial routs and being concerned with the importance of commerce, they were diligent to help them secure. More than one fourth of the ilkhanid government income was required from trades as commerce' therefore, diligent effort an the further flourishment of the commercial routes was only natured. The subject of this study is to survey the situation of some part of the commercial routes in the ilkhanid era which set the ground for commercial relations with the land out of their jurisdiction.

Land reform policies are generally advocated as an effort to eradicate food insecurity and rural poverty, often with utilitarian (i.e., "the greatest good for the greatest number"), philosophical or religious arguments, a right to dignity, or a simple belief that justice requires a policy of "land to the tiller". However, many of these arguments conflict with prevailing notions of property rights in most societies and states. Implementations of land reform generally raise questions about how the members of the society view the individual's rights and the role of government. Starting in the 1960s and continuing into the 1970s, the Iranian government, at the shah's initiative, undertook a broad program designed to improve economic and social conditions. Land reform was a major priority. In an effort to transform the feudal peasant-landlord agricultural system, the government purchased estates and sold the land to the people; it also distributed large tracts of crown land. In the Jan., 1963, referendum, the voters overwhelmingly approved the shah's extensive plan for further land redistribution, compulsory education, and a system of profit sharing in industry; the program was financed by the selling of governmentowned factories to private.investors. Within three years, 1.5 million former tenant farmers were plot owners. Land reform in Iran wasexecuted with a view of attaining stability in politics. In Iran the land reform policies were introduced, not to address the problems of the agricultural workers, at least in the initial stages. During the the year 1963, the economy was in doldrums. The economic anomalies and consequent political unrest had to be addressed to immediately. Land reform in Iran was successful to a great extent in bringing the economy back on the tracks. As per norms, under land reform, large stretches of land were converted into smaller set ups. The land reform in Iran was backed by the United States of America. The failure of land reform in failed due to the fact that the interests of the local people were not taken into consideration.

How does history the human activity to recognize its identity and to descrip word write? Is history a boring circulation of narrations or it is an acknowledgement of human intellectual activates? To deeply understand histories we should observe how history is written? This article is trying to clarify the quality of historiography changes in Europe to prove that how historiography changed from narrations to social and civilization analyzing and from dictatorship view turned to democracy point of view. This article is divided into different parts and study on the most important historiography period in Europe and west from ancient word Greece and Rome to earliest schools in 20th century. In this article the history of European historiography is studied and by compare eastern and western historiography it will be helpful to clarify the weaknesses of research in Iran contemporary history.

As a country with old civilization, Egpt was always the point of attentim for invaders. Economical and commercial situation of egpt attracted power full nations toward that area. Ancient government of Iran, Greek – Rome and Islamic government be lived that area is the lead key of Africa and Europe canguor. Fertility of lands Niel River ad prots lik Eskandrieh made proper situation for economical growth and introduced Egpt as important country in Mediterranean. With the arrival of Muslims in to that country and the establishment of Islamic governments, Muslims could engage in economical commercial and even cultural affairs. in this article Egpt economical situation and its place in Mediterranean economic is being studied and it aims to itraduce a view of Muslims economic activities in that country during 4th and 5th century

Safavids were the first Iran's government (kingdom) who could made an Importand and useful combination between shi ism and safism and setup thir government an it. These two important elements had a determining role in different political issues such as, military, economic, religious and in all their government aspects shiism as the most important thought of safavids government made wide changes in Iran sociely. Although safavids kings religious behaviors with shiism and the scholars weren’t the same, like dismiss. of fagraup of Iranian shiit scholars and Invitation of scholars jibah Amel in lebonan JiB ALAMEL scholers tried toset up the Ideas of shiit government in Iran. But soon they understonded that the main point in their invidatian was to firm the polidical life of shi it kings. Though they never stoped trying to gain control over palidical power and they could gain power during some weals safavid kings. The net wery important element in safavid king power after shi ism was Sufism. Befor safavids use shi ism for their political aims they were sufi. And after that they tried to gain material power through Sufism thoughts and it got faster whe timur (goorlcani) sat free a group of ttoman (osmanlis) slaves to khoeh ali. Safavid sufies whom absolutely obeyed their masters were the most important weapon for safavids in gaining power. Although some times after safavid dynasty sat up, the ill_use of some suflism radical thought caused tensions between safavid kings and sufids. To solve and decrease these ten sions safavid rulers decreased their connections with masters and that in long term causes the weakness of sufids and consguently caused the weakness of safavids.

The lawfulness or lack of lawfulness of the governments in the Muslem world is one of the important theoretical discussions of Muslem scholars and thinkers. Each of the diverse parties has investigated lawfulness from its own point of view. The establishment of lowfulness for the government has been a great concern for governers. Most of the Sunni scholars have selected to fix the current situation and advocated the Caliphate and current governments with the subterfuge of preventing divirgences and civilwars. In this article, it has been tried to clarify the thought divergence between Sunnis and Shiite about government with regard to some of the thoughtful bases of Sunni schorars. It can be maintained that Sunni scholars have always advocated Caliphate and the contemporary governments and havenot intended establish an ideal government; wheres the Shiite have always been in the direction of establishing an ideal government on the bases of Shiite criteria.