مجله علوم پزشکی رازی
سال نوزدهم شماره 9 (پیاپی 102، آذر 1391)

Children are in their developing years and their bones and physical structure has not yet fully developed to a point of resiliency that can withstand stress، pressure، and a modicum of physical abuse and about 90% of students are carrying backpacks. Unsuitable backpacks cause shoulder pain، back pain، low back pain and skeletal malformation. Carrying backpacks heavier than 10% of body weight is not recommended. Thus، the objective of this study was to survey adaption between student backpacks and their anthropometric dimension.

In this descriptive- analytical study، 50 primary school children (10 females and 40 males) cooperated in anthropometric measurement and its comparison with their backpack dimension. 212 female school children were contributed in comparison between their backpack weight and 10% body weight. Body dimensions were measured with VICON Analyze motion system (460V، oxford، UK) and ergonomics factors for their backpacks were recorded by a checklist. Weight measured with a digital scale and BMI was calculated based on WHO software.

Significant difference was shown between shoulder breath-backpack width up، waist breath -backpack width down، shoulder width-shoulder strap width and back height-backpack height. 8% backpack handles، 44%shoulder straps and 34% backpack behinds had good padding. Two percent of backpacks had waist strap and no backpacks had chest strap. 8% of shoulder straps were S shaped and 4% of backpacks were rolling. Just 28. 3% backpack weights have been under 10% of body weight.

Ergonomics knowledge regarding backpacks is very important for selecting and buying the right product. However، the backpack producers should also be` informed to produce ergonomics backpack. The reduction of extra items in children backpacks by parents is beneficial، but effective management programs by ministry of education is also needed for informing school administrative persons and school children about the health problem of carring un ergonomic backpacks.

Studies show that smoking can influence endocrinological functions of thyroid gland. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of cigarette and waterpipe smoke on serum level of TSH، T3 and T4 in male rats. In this laboratory experimental study، male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control، cigarette، and waterpipe smoking animals of 5 in each group. After 6 weeks، blood samples were collected using cardiac puncture method. Following serum collection، levels of TSH، T3 and T4 were measured by radioimmunoassay method. Data were statistically analyzed and compared between groups using ANOVA. The results indicated that serum T3 and T4 levels were significantly increased in cigarette smoking rats compared with control animals (p<0. 001 and p<0. 01، respectively). Serum levels of T3 and T4 were also increased in waterpipe smoking rats compared with control animals (p<0. 01). Serum level of TSH was insignificantly decreased in cigarette and increased in waterpipe smoking rats، respectively. Our findings show that cigarette or waterpipe smoking enhances endocrinilogical function of thyroid gland appeared in increased serum level of T3 and T4; therefore، the effects of cigarette and waterpipe smoke on hyperthyroidism induction is important.

This study was conducted to assess incidence rate sores after cardiac surgery during hospitalization and its relevant factors، also discussed differences between sore and burn as a result of unstandard connections of electrocautery system in operating room. Surgical patients because of risk factors that exist in operating room، have more potential to develop pressure sore than general acut patients. Pressure sores and burn may both occur in the intraoperative environments and are often difficult for personnel to differentiate upon postoperative inspection. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 333 patients in 6 month، who were operated in Shaheed Rajaei Cardiovascular Medical &Research Center. Samples were selected Unrandomly. Demographic information، pre-intra-post operation (ICU and surgical ward) were collected by questionnaire. Data were analyzed using software SPSS15 and descriptive statistical tests. Incidence rate of pressure sores after cardiac surgery was 21. 3%. 71 patients were involved with pressure sores، 67 cases in ICU and 4 cases after admission in ward. 68 (95. 7%) were first degree and 3 (4. 2%) were second degree. This Shows meaning relationship with،sex،hypertension، myocardial infarction، intraoperative Hypoxemia، Using mattress postoperatively،inotropic drugs،blood pressure<80mmhg،reoperation،decreased hematocrit and albumin،hospitalization and duration of staying in ward. More skin damage were seen after operation in ICU immediately or in the first 24 hours. It is worthful to control comorbidities before، during and after operation. Incidence of pressure sores can be minimized by providing enough perfusion during operation، using silicon mattress on bed of operating room، using mattress and changing position especially during stay in ICU،also paying attention to nutritional states and other known factors in study. Electrocautery system of operating rooms must always and periodically be checked، also taking care of probably burns to prevent from converting into pressure sores is very important.

Social capital is defined as norms and networks which provide conditions to people’s participation in social activities in order to profit mutually. Considering the importance of social capital and having less studies done in this area، this research is aimed to study the social capital and factors affecting it among students of Tehran University of medical sciences (TUMS). This study is a cross-sectional study. 200 medical students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences، with a mean age (2. 34) 22. 55 participated in the study. Participants were selected randomly. 36-item Bullen’s questionnaire having 8 dimensions was used for data collection. Finally، data were analyzed using SPSS 18. Data analysis was performed with T-Test، Pearson correlation and ONOVA. Total means score for social capital was calculated 46. 87. Minimum and maximum mean was measured for “participation in local community” and “family and friends connections” dimension، respectively. The study also showed a relationship between social capital with gender، age and language (ethnicity) of participants. According to the results، there exists a relationship between social capital، in some concepts، with age، gender and Place of Residence. As a guideline، authorities can use it to increase social capital through having appropriate interventions.

The Obesity and metabolic diseases appears to have emerged largely and epidemically because of changes in our diet and life style. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of melatoninon plasma glucose، uric acid، insulin، HOMA، body weight gain and Liver and kidney histology in fructose fed rats. In this experimental study، 24 male Wistar rats were used. Animals were divided in three groups containing 8 rats each: *Control that received normal chow and tap water. ** Fructose، that received chow +10% fructose solutions in drinking water. *** Melatonin، that received chow +10% fructose solution+ daily injection of 10 mg/kg (BW) melatonin (IP=Intraperitoneal). Melatonin was dissolved in absolute ethanol and diluted with saline. After 8 weeks at the end of treatment plasma concentrations ofglucose، uric acid، insulin and body weight gain were measured and insulin resistance index was calculated. Then the experimental data were significantly analyzed. Fructose fed rats showed significant higher level of body weight in compared with control rats but melatonin treatment prevented from this increase. Insulin resistance index did not changed significantly. Uric acid concentration did not change in groups، but melatonin administration increased plasma glucose level. Fructose fed rats had Hepato Cellular Lipids، compared with control and melatonin groups. Kidney tissue did not change in groups. These results suggest that melatonin may act as a regulator of body weight and may prevent lipid accumulation in liver tissue.

Studies show that there are relations between various types of stress and liver function. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of immobilization stress and Aloe vera extract on serum level of Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) and Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) in male rats. In this laboratory experimental study، male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control، Aloe vera extract or normal saline receiving، under acute or chronic immobilization animals of 5 in each group. After 6 weeks blood samples were collected using cardiac puncture method. Following serum collection، SGOT or SGPT level was measured by spectrophotometry method. Data were statistically analyzed and compared between groups using ANOVA. Serum SGOT level was significantly increased in rats enduring acute or chronic immobilization animals compared with control rats (p<0. 01 and p<0. 001، respectively). Serum level of SGOT level was significantly increased (p<0. 01) and of SGPT was significantly decreased (P<0. 01) in extract receiving animals compared with control rats (p<0. 001). Our findings indicate that immobilization and Aloe vera extract is serum SGOT enhancer. In this respect، in clinical considerations، pathological effects of immobilization or Aloe vera intake is important in the field of SGOT biochemical alteration.

The aim of this research is investigation of angiotensin converting enzyme gene expression and angiotensin II activity in middle-aged men، following to eight weeks moderate exercise. This study was a semi-experimental research with a repeated measures design. From 96 volunteer middle-aged men، 20 subject (age range of 45-55 years) participated in this study after signing an informed consent form. Next، subject divided in two groups of training (10 person) and control (10) groups and performed the eight weeks moderate exercise training (time: 45 minutes، speed: 50-65 maximal heart rate، slope: 0%). Blood samples were collected in three times: baseline، after 4 week and after 8 week، and Real time- PCR) Polymerase Chain Reaction (was used for evaluation of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) mRNA and Elisa methods for angiotensin II (Ang II). AngII activity in training group were not significantly changed after 4 weeks exercise training (p=0. 255) but significantly increased after 8 weeks (p= 0. 004). In control groups AngII increased after 4 and 8 weeks exercise training (respectively; p=0. 952 and p=0. 876). ACE gene expression was significantly reduced in training group after 4 and 8 weeks (p=0. 001)، but in control group، ACE gene expression was not increased after 4 weeks of no regular exercises (p=0. 35)، but after 8 weeks، ACE mRNA significantly increased (p=0. 001). Moderate exercise training has reduced the genetic and blood markers of blood pressure in middle-aged men، but not doing regular exercises increased this factor.

Toxocariasis is a common worldwide zoonotic parasite infection caused by the larvae of Toxocara catti and Toxocara canis. Allergic rhinitis is the most common chronic diseases in the upper respiratory tract. The main symptoms are sneezing، watery rhinorrhea، itching in the nose، eyes and palate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between toxocara seropositivity and allergic rhinitis compared with the control population. This cross-sectional study was carried out from September 2009 to February 2011 on 93 patients with allergic rhinitis and 87 control subjects. Confirmation of the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis was defined by history and positive epicutaneous prick test. Control subjects were healthy based on history and no signs of allergic rhinitis and other allergic diseases were seen. Blood and fecal samples were taken from both groups. Sera were separated، labeled and stored at -20°C until used. Stool samples were examined by a wet mount and formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique. The diagnosis of toxocariasis was established by IgG anti Toxocara and IgE total by ELISA method. In case group (allergic rhinitis) from 93 patients، 50 patients (53. 8%) were males and 43 (46. 2%) were female. In the control group of 87 individuals studied، 56 (64. 4%) were males and 31 (35. 6%) were female. In cases and controls، 5 (5. 4%) and 3 (3. 4%) of sera were positive for IgG Toxocara، respectively. There was no statistical difference in Toxocara seropositivity in both groups (p =0. 39). It seems to be in contrast to worms and allergies several factors، including phase worm infections (acute and chronic)، parasite load، parasite species and resistance genes are involved and this require further studies in different ages and populations.