نشریه مطالعات شبه قاره
سال چهارم شماره 12 (پاییز 1391)

Mir Shams ud-din faqir Abbasi Dehlavi, known as Shams Ud-din Nazim, a linguist in Arabic, a scholar, a theologian, a Muhaddith, a Sufi and learned of the 12th century A.H., was born in 1115 A.H., in the court(Dar-al Khalafa) of Shah jahanabad, Delhi. He had first taken himself the artistic nickname of ‘Maftoon’. Faqir composed masnavi of Valeh Sultan in 3230 verses based upon the true life of his friend, Valeh Sultan Ali Quli Khan Daghestani, and his love for his cousin Khadija Sultan in 1160 A.H. In the present paper, following the introduction of the poet, his biography, his works and distinguished aspects of Valeh Sultan Masnavi, we will investigate his style using the text analysis- description method.

The lyric masnavi of "Belqeis and Soleiman" by Ahmad Khan Sufi, the Indian poet of the 12th, 13th centuries A.H., can be considered as an impersonation of "Khosrow & Shirin" written by Nizami. In this research, the lithography copy of the work along with a description of the author’s other works will be introduced. Meanwhile, expressing the documentary of the Quranic story of "Belqeis and Soleiman ", we explain and report the particulars of its ‘Me’ragieh’ and ‘Saqi-nameh’ as well as the linguistic, literary and rhetorical aspects of the text. Having described the life story of Prophet Solomon and Prophet David (PBUT) from the Quran and mythical tales, we clarify the falsifications. In the present paper, other views regarding the history of "Belqeis and Soleiman" have been offered to the interested audience. Investigation of the content and language of this copy revealed that the poet surpasses the medium level of poetical skill and has been successful in creating a lyric atmosphere throughout the story. Eloquence and rhetoric of the poem is acceptable enough; in fact, this Persian speaking orator of the Indian subcontinent has been aware of variety and delicacies of fantastic images. Several others have examined their skill on this subject, but apparently Ahmad Khan Sufi has been more successful than them all.

Having a long common border line and being two key players in southwest Asia, Iran and Pakistan have had great effects on the international changes. There are some conflicts of interests between the two countries, but political and geostrategic circumstances between them have made them cooperate closely. The nature of bilateral relationships between the two countries and their outlooks toward different regional and international issues including security issues, the variables of Afghanistan, India, and the United States, the conflicts of interests of Sunni, Shiite, fundamentalists, and Salafist groups, the nuclear issue, and NATO forces can affect the future of the peace in the Middle East. This paper is an attempt to analyze the future of relations between Iran and Pakistan in a security geostrategic atmosphere. Thus, the paper claims that the most important variable between Iran and Pakistan after the Islamic Revolution, in general, and after September 11 attacks, in particular, has been a strategic factor in a geostrategic atmosphere. In reality, given the geopolitical and geostrategic situation between Iran and Pakistan and the security issues between them, the strategic stances of politicians of the two countries toward each other is of a security-oriented nature.

Social and political developments in Pakistan have begun since the early 20th century, and Pakistani Baluch poets have played a significant role in them. The procedure of changes was mostly due to the immigration of the Baluch to other countries and their awareness of the world circumstances and the changes affecting directly or indirectly the community, spread of printing industry, publication of books, prevalence of newspapers, foundation of the Baluchi academy in the province of Baluchestan, … which changed the form and format of the poem as well as the themes in the poetry of this period. Using the descriptive –analytical method, this paper attempts to study the biography of 7 prominent poets of this period who have had a significant role in shaping the Pakistani society.

Agra/Akbarabad is the third largest city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, located on the banks of the Yamuna River. The name of Agra has been mentioned in the epic book of “Mahabharata’ as ‘Agrevana’ the meaning of which has been stated as ‘Eden’ and ‘Paradise’ by the semanticists. Agra became of great importance during the reign of Akbar Shah, Jahangir Shah, and Shah Jahan. Being the capital city of Akbar Shah, the great king of the Indian Mughal Empire_ the Gurkani Dynasty_, it turned into the center of art, culture, trade, and education of the vast country of India; hence, it was called Akbarabad in the past. The present paper is an attempt to introduce the city of Agra/Akbarabad from historical, political, and cultural aspects based on biographies and history.

Each Persian poetry style has, at its special time and geography, appeared, then flourished and reached its zenith. It goes without saying that the Indian(Hindi) or Isfahani style, in India and Iran, has been of a unique status during the 11th and 12th centuries A.H. Apart from being close to spoken language and enjoying mystical and wise ideas, the poetry of this era is replete with imageries, accurate thoughts, personification, equation method, proverbs, paradoxes, delicate and novel themes in a way that creation of new metaphors and similes in the Indian style as well as other rhetorical and innovative skills is amazing. Kalim Hamedani is one of the successful Indian style poets whose poems and words are worthy of consideration and contemplation. His skillful control of literary skills and hidden and explicit aspects of poetry as well as his skill in creating imageries and his knowledge of the Quranic and inspirational allusions and references and also the prophets’ life stories are unique. Therefore, there are many manifestations of these stories reflected in his poetry in a rhetorical and artistic structure. This research has tried to investigate different forms and aspects of prophets’ stories in Kalim Hamedani’s sonnets.

England, to spread its increasing power, established Fort William College in the city of Calcutta in 1800. To promote the awareness of their officers, unintentionally they used the aboriginal culture and the language of the Indian subcontinent, and consequently helped increase the richness of the Urdu language. Writing in Urdu grew more and more, and this approach both extended the scope of the Urdu language and led to compilations in grammar. The result was the translation of Persian stories into Urdu that drew spectrums of people towards them. It seems that the cessation of the influence of the Persian language and its culture was the dominant policy of the British. Although Fort William’s life was too short, and was finally removed by its establishers, there still exists its wonderful back ground.In the present paper we attempt to investigate the motive of creating such a brilliant consequence concerning the basis and factors of closing Fort William. The focus of the article is to merge the investigation of the Britain’s policy and imposition of their views, the impact of the Persian language and literature on the texts produced there, and the formation procedure of prose literature of Urdu. The method of research is using reliable Urdu texts and analysis of the focus of the article.