فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 35 (زمستان 1391)

Tourism may be generally defined as travel outside one’s normal home and workplace, the activities undertaken during the stay in destination place and the facilities created to response tourist needs. In other words, Tourism can be described as a system with an originating area (the demand element) and a destination area (the attraction side) with a travel component linking the two, as well as a consequential component (impacts). Thus, on the one hand, should there be sufficient demand for the attraction element in the origin place and on the other hand, while satisfying the demand and needs of the tourist in destination, the impacts of this activity should be assessed properly. This article is an attempt, to examine comparatively these elements in two different areas.

Tehran is one of the ten under developed metropolises among the 124 metropolises in the world, and as such is obliged to contend with a variety of problems; e.g. air, noise and water pollution, traffic jams, housing shortages, biodiversity reduction, vulnerability to probable earthquakes, lack of urban services, facilities, infrastructure, overcrowding, poverty and social vulgarities. An indicator of sustainable development must assess human development and sustainability. They can help incorporate information from physical and social sci¬ences in decision-making, and they can help measure and calibrate progress toward sustainable development goals. They can provide an early warn¬ing to prevent economic, social and environmental setbacks. They are also useful tools to communicate ideas, thoughts and values. This Article tends to choose Tehran as a study area and present social indicators for measuring social sustainability among the municipal regions in Tehran. Hence after collecting the information and data which were need, Fuzzy logic, were used. The results show high diversity among the regions in terms of social sustainability, in the case of Tehran the regions 1,2,14 have the best condition.

Governance and management of water resources, especially water resources between countries with their development plans or use in other sectors, geopolitical concerns, policy and regional and trans-regional actors are. And this is due to the fluid nature of water and resolve issues surrounding the political departments of the government Very difficult, complex and multi-dimensional. Therefore the complexity Hydropolitics Iran and neighboring countries, proposed four hypotheses based on methods, historical and cross examined. Finally, each of the research hypotheses about the neighbors Test and were analyzed separately. Then, conclusions and recommendations separately In connection with the case study countries were presented. The results of this study showed that Water issues in Iran and neighboring countries due to the complexity and multiplicity of factors influencing living conditions Not a single version of the track in relation to water issues Neighbors used sometimes the number of common water solutions are needed.

Lack of balance and equality in sustainable development rate of the cities laid across the East Azarbaijan Province is one of challenges imposed on the sound urban and regional management planning which is necessary to achieve a sustainable city and region. This study aims at analyzing the urban sustainable development in socioeconomic and health-culture structures of the East Azarbaijan Province in order to determine the various levels of sustainability. This practical research was conducted using descriptive-analytical method. The Topsis-AHP model was used to find entropy coefficient, dispersion coefficient and Arc Gis and SPSS software were used as well. Thirty indices were analyzed as our data. The most important findings of the study show that Tabriz City with 1378935 people owns 57.91% of the urban population of the East Azarbaijan province and enjoys a very high sustainable development rate in terms of the analyzed structures. Tabriz is followed by Maragheh, Mianeh, Marand and Sarab (9.75%) in terms of having urban population of the province. With 20.18% of the urban population rate, the third group of cities including Bonab, Ahar, Jolfa, Soufian and Mamaqan are ranked in the medium class of development. The remaining cities, which constitute 62% of cities and only 7.29% of the urban population of the province, are categorized in the low ranks of the development in terms of socioeconomic and health-culture structures. Likewise, our findings show that the measured correlation coefficient for the consolidated indices of socioeconomic and health-culture structures of cities of the East Azarbijan Province was 0.991 with the confidence level of 99%; thus these findings indicate higher development in more populous cities and lower development in thin cities. Therefore, it can be concluded that the center-periphery model is dominant in this province.

Health care facilities are directly involved in providing individual and community health. Quick, on time and affordable accessibility to every community center is essential, especially in urban communities. In this study the lowness of the distribution of hospital services and medical centers in Firoozabad city is analyzed and evaluated using geographic information systems and standards and indices of urban influence and besides Drawing the current situation, how to locate it with the desired state of health centers and new hospital has been providing. In order to do this, basic spatial data was obtained from maps (1:5000) of Firoozabad council; So that in present conditions total health services per capita allocated to each person is approximately 1 meter. While this figure shows a 7/1m difference with the national standard, it is a fairly clear difference. This study provides a suitable model for deployment and optimal distribution of medical services in Firoozabad. For this purpose, with regard to such criteria as being located in proximity to the appropriate user, the distance from the industrial workshops, close to main roads, close to urban green spaces, close to city centers, distance from health centers, location on the right slope, the optimal User location was identified and explained. To achieve this important, spatial data collected first then GIS database was established and the required plans prepared and any of the criteria in a GIS data layer was converted. Then for Modeling, to any of the layers based on the importance of seeking medical centers in place, appropriate weight assigned, using the AHP model.

nowadays,having regard to the social development in a veriaty of aspect national security is considently. therfore,it is not only capable of being retained traditionally and theyby the military power but also through anew approach and by means of increasing the power in the different aspect weather of politics,economy military and social affairs; As concerns the subject of power, geo-economy is of a paramount importance in the context of the national security issues. In slamic republic of iran geo-economy and energy in particular plays a significant role in the scope of national affairs. Therfore, geo-economy of energy in iran with respect to both geo-economic (the capasity of changing to van of the most important suppliers dealing with the biggest customers of energy throughout the world)and geo-strategic(playing astrategic role in the course of security of energy) view is of a pototenial capasity in order to retain the benefit and national security of the countiry by developing the geo-politicalmatters. Thus,it is necessarry to apply an efficiant diplomacy as well as communicating with the global system.

Rural Management of Iran in the past has passed the oscillations, but today with rural modern management hoped that the rural areas should experience positive changes and in this process is expected to further the role of rural development through the use of internal social capital played do. This paper tried to amount of influence the village's endogenous development on rural management on must be examined. Research method in this paper has descriptive - analytical that field methods for collecting data and evidence taken and help upon the population size (1711 households), households under questioning in sample size formula based on Cochrane is designated 231 household. Study findings, based on the results of bivariate regression shows that the highly variable impact on performance rural management on social capital in villages 0.462 which represents moderate and positive impact on social capital in rural management performance is the village. Economic factors most influence the amount of social capital formation has, so that alone, 54 percent of social capital explains the changes. According to research findings, furnishing solutions including investment in rural economic affairs, strengthening democratic values such as decent local village-level managers, to apply to encourage social and emotional support from local management and higher level management and others proposed rural development was.

The present study attempts to investigate the urban hierarchy in Azarbaijan Huge Regional between 1957-2007. The research method is Content and statistical Analysis. The necessity data were collected by documental method. In addition to the analysis and sorting of the data regarding the situation of Azarbaijan cities based on different models such as Entropy index, Ginny Coefficients, Urban Concentration Index, and Rank –Size Model. The goal of research is information for equilibrium measure in urban system of Azarbaijan huge regional. The results of research is show that Azarbaijan urban systems was equilibrium for view of indexes of primate city. But for view models example rank-size, Behforooz, Lorenz curve, Ginny Coefficients, Entropy index to follow for trend of Iran urban system and have many space with normal mann er. Therefore this manner is results of increase number of small cities and addition of population of big cities. Tabriz city with reason centrality of political, administrative, financial,…to settlement with title primate city in Azarbaijan urban system and cities Uromiya and Ardabil with title province center to settlement rank of two and three. Ultimately, Urban Hierarchy in Azarbaijan Huge Regional has very gap compared with Zapf’s Rank-Size model and Behforooz adjustment model. Providing services and strengthening small and middle sized towns coupled with decreasing the growth of mega cities can lead to the optimal distribution of Urban system of cites all over the Huge Regional.

Landslides and the combination of natural and human factors causing this phenomenon are due to the high incidence of loss They. Factors in the occurrence of slip hazard of region departments that can help reduce the damage caused by the dumping phenomenon. With this aim it is necessary to map landslide hazard areas to be prepared for this. Zoning of Landslide is one of the ways that it can help to identify critical areas in terms of slope stability. This study aimed to select the most efficient identification of factors causing landslides Karganroud efforts have been carried out in the basin. After field studies and preparation of the maps and data layers available resources, factors of landslide area were evaluated and the most important factors of geology, slope, and distance of roads, aspects, fault, and land use and near the river were identified. Weight of each of the factors of hierarchical analysis or AHP with comparing paired mentioned factors computed after mapping zonation of landslide risk with respect to the final weight of each factor to this result, we note that the lithology, slope, road orientation gradients in the basin attempting to be the most important factors of landslide area. According to The landslide zonation map, the catchment area was divided into five areas susceptible to landslides and landslide risk to safety was high. Most mass movements Solifluction areas of high grassland basin in the north and east facing slopes Earth slip around forest roads and mountain roads, especially the most happening shows.

Demand increasing in water resources in Iran has been caused to water exploitation and disturbing the ground water resources balance. In Hormozgan Province that is located in arid region of Iran, there is not balance between demand and supply of water resources. Isin Watershed that is covered 47793.5 ha area, located in the northern part of Persian Gulf. In this watershed, water supply depends on groundwater resource so has been faced to loss of groundwater level that this losing grows faster and faster. In this study, after collecting information about watershed management for isin watershed, identify and analysis of natural features, various states that may happen be with watershed management or without it, has been projected. Four scenarios developed for this purpose and analysis the results show that, if watershed management will be done in the isin watershed, the amounts of infiltrated water into the groundwater will be 1.5 times more than in which time that do not any watershed management. Accordingly, with implement the watershed management and artificial recharge operations, the average of rainfall infiltration into the groundwater will be 1.72 mcm per year in dry years and 6.63 mcm per year in wet years.

Hydropolitical Security Complex of Tigris and Euphrates basin such as other shared rivers basin in the Middle East are facing with many problems over water management. But in this article analysis of Hydropolitical Security Complex of Tigris and Euphrates basin in terms of divide between the countries, has been studied, from the viewpoint of security and challenges resulting from divided water on geopolitical situation and the relations among Turkey, Syria and Iraq. Based on this research achievements Hydropolitics of the Tigris and Euphrates basin most affected by issues such as: Hydropolitical Security of Turkey, Syria and Iraq, water development plans, including Project Blue Gap, Kurds in southeast Anatolia, contradictory dual water policies of Syria, water management issue in the collection of countries, and Finally, reasons for their failure to reach an agreement on cooperation and convergence toward the Hydropolitical Security Complex of Tigris and Euphrates basin. The result of this research into the complexity of water and grazing starter political and security challenges resulting from it among the three countries is thought to clear perspective for the security in this collection has an aura of ambiguity.

The total aim of present research is the recognition of the affecting factors on farmer’s entrepreneurship reinforcement on meshkinshar county rural regions. The used method at this research is exploring, descriptive, analytical, applied. The data gathering tool is researcher-made questionnaire that its reliability coefficient of that was estimated 0/85. The statistical population of present research is two group that including successful farmer (25) and farmer original (25) from year 1375 until 1385. In addition, the analyzing and survey of data has done by through of statistical test of the Kruskal-wallis and one sample t and SPSS software. At this research the importance degree of each factor were determined from point of view samples. At the end, Explanation, description and the results of statistical tests showed that economical factors have been from affecting factor between groups two from sample population.

Discussion about passive defense has a long history especially in construction of urban spaces as well as public buildings. Accuracy of this claim can be found in Initially of Islam wars and defensive measures such as digging ditches, making a fort. Now days is felt, that Should be improved in considerations of passive defense for reducing casualties of war due to advancement of technology and its impact on the development of WMD. A defensive consideration in urban development is most important because of Iran has strategic objectives and strategies such as: authoritarianism, Seeking glory, preservation of territorial integrity, political independence, pattern of local development and etc. Also considering to passive defense in countries especial in Iran due to their placement in the Middle East and having unique opportunities such as: geopolitical, geostrategic, geo-strategic geo-ideological on the other hand is important. The research is, applied. Office buildings sensitive of Shahriar city is as studied characterizes to reduce damage from enemy attacks. Generally collocated data is library and has been used field studies.At first in this study, was identified hazard zone in country also was determined building sensitive of shahriyar. So we can prevent financial and physical damages before occurrence of war where these damages are more than other parts of city.