فصلنامه شعر پژوهی (بوستان ادب)
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 13، پاییز 1391)

The present article tries to show motifs and conventions of surrealism in Attar’s precious work, Tazkarat al- Olia. It should be said, of course, that researches for such a work dealing with two different cultural realms, sometimes show differences known to the learned people. Despite the awareness of the point that the origin of surrealism has been the Modern West, and in spite of the fact that it bears demands and origins different from Attar’s cognitive realm, there can be found motifs in Attar’s works which are, to some extent, interpretable based on the principles of the surrealists, such as witticism, wonderful matter and magic, dream, automatic writing, insanity and madness, and objective concurrence. The study tries to explore briefly these characteristics in Tazkarat al- Olia using descriptive-analytic method.

The elements and terms used in Haft Paikar tales are symbolic and can be read from different viewpoints. In this paper, these tales are analyzed from the point of view of mysticism and spiritual path (seir o soluk).In the story of the city black dresses the emphasis is on patience. In the tale of The Wild Beloved, Tolerating the despising beloved is the longed-for objective. The God-fearing Boshr insists on right doings and the wise beloved in the Dome of Tuesday highly believes in the importance of secret seeking. Mahan Kushyar focuses on the presence of Saint and dependence on God as the crucial keys to success. In the sixth tale, the end signifies the moral theme of meeting the consequence of one's own deed. Finally, the chastity of the hero protecting himself from the tempting soul is the most difficult end in the seventh tale.

Pondering on any poem makes us familiar with the poet's mentality. Language structure, musical pattern, and other elements involved in the production of poetry make us close to the internal state of the poet's mind. In other words, internal state of the poet's mind affects the poem's superstructure. This paper analyzes the concept of 'motion' in the poems of Mohammad Reza Shafiee Kadkani, (M. Sereshk). Shafee is one of the contemporary poets whose poems are prominently dynamic in nature. This fact is especially manifest in his two collections "Az Zaban e Barg", and "Kooche Baghhaye Neyshaboor, revealing his revolutionary ideologies during the time he was writing them.This study tries to show the motif of 'motion' in Shafiee's two collections from the perspective of language structure, musical patterns, and imageries. The results of the study reveal that all of the elements have been strongly under the influence of the concept of motion. The language is rich in the usage of action verbs and adjectives extended by the poet's use of natural symbols. On the other hand, the music of the poems is very rich so that all four types of music (inner, outer, spiritual and nearby) can be found extensively. The poet also uses various literary techniques such as personification, and extended metaphor through which he has added to the poem's mobility and dynamic nature. Shafiee's poems are poems of hope, freedom, and movement. Such dynamism reflects the poet's restless spirit effectively manifest in his two collections, "Az Zaban e Barg", and "Dar Kooche Baghhaye Neshaboor".

The Divine Gifts, by Mo’in al-Din Ali Yazdi, is a historical book which is about Mozaffarids (Mozafar family) in the Fourteenth century. This is one of the few books about this family written in the time of their dynasty. It reflects valuable historical, social, and cultural information about the author’s period. In addition to its stylistic and writing features which categorize the work in the field of literary texts, it is an interesting work for students of History and the researches who study Mozaffarid dynasty.Despite the corrections made on the first part of The Divine Gifts by Saeed Nafisi in 1947, the book is still full of mistakes and omissions which cause the text very difficult to follow. Through accessing older copies, the authors of the present paper tried to correct numerous failures, omissions, and mistakes of Nafisi’s version resolving much of the ambiguities of this literary-historical work.

Joneid Nameh, a prologue to the long tale of Abu Moslem Nameh, is a semi-epic, semi-lyric folkloric fiction which conveys the story of Seyyed Joneid. The story focuses on the fictional hero, Seyyed Joneid and his attempts at reaching his beloved, Fairy Rashideh, and converting the inhabitants of the fairy lands to Islam. Seyyed Joneid is supposedly the ancestor of Abu Moslem Khorasani. The hero of Joneid Nameh is a descendent of the Holy Prophet and his Household from one side, and those of the fairies from another side. Seyyed Joneid reflects features of characters like Rostam and Tahmures. Analyzing the structure of the story, the study tries to reveal various roles of the heroes who are of different natures: real, superhuman, mythical, and legendary. The result of this research then shows that creating these characters based on folktale, whether taken from Persian, non Persian, mythical, folkloric, and even epic aspects, the author creates the heroes whose imaginative features liberate them from the limitations of the real world. This way, the stylistic conventions of fictional heroes in Persian literature are revealed to be more developed and multidimensional making the heroes appear both stronger and freer than those in foreign literature.

Deraznay shab written by Jamal Mirsadeghi is considered to be a realistic novel of 1960s. This novel reflects one of the crucial challenges of the society which is the so-called 'Generation Gap'. Although the concept is one of the oldest concepts in Persian literature, it has attracted the attention of many writers as it has been the recurrent theme of many literary works among different nations of different eras.The reflection of this important social issue can be considered as a hint to many Iranian families who have not faced this challenge yet. The author in Deraznay e shab skillfully shows this social problem in a traditionally religious family, typical of an Iranian family, revealing factors that gradually cause this gap. He puts the young and new generation against the mature and the traditional ones in this novel. He also considers generation gap as a kind of misunderstanding between the parent's and children’s. The author then shows how this generation gap can make the younger generation rebel against the older one and cause a complete separation between the two.

Colonialism has always been a challenge in the East and several wise and capable people, especially poets, have tried to reflect their challenge against this issue in their works. Since Colonialism has different manifestations, challenging it also needs to be multidimensional. Nasim Shomal and Ma’roof Al- Rosafi were two of wise poets who have explained Colonialism for the people of their own land and those of other nationalities. This article comparatively analyzes Colonialism in the poems of these two poets according to the school of Eastern Europe. After discussing the theory of this research, the specific approach of the two poet's challenges against Colonialism are explained. Research shows that both poets have similar ways in order to challenge Colonialism. The most important ways are informing people, preventing ignorance, provoking passion in people and explaining their condition, inviting to associate, and opposing Colonialism, returning to the Islamic culture, and criticizing Colonialism in a satiric way.

Sheikh Ruzbahan Baqli, the great Sufi of the Sixth Century, has been unfortunately neglected throughout researches on Sufism as Carl Ernest puts it. Ruzbahan was seeking for spiritual perfection through love and beauty. He has written more than forty transcripts, most important of which, Abhar al-Asheqeen, depicts the most innovative thoughts and spiritual understandings through a uniquely attractive, romantic, and rhetorical prose. It is worth mentioning that some scholars like Ibn al-Arabi, Araqi, S’adi, and Hafiz, were greatly influenced by him.Introducing this eminent figure, the present study tries to generally analyze his Quranic interpretations in his two masterpieces, Abhar al- Asheqeen and Arayes al- Bayan.