نشریه سوخت و ساز و فعالیت ورزشی
سال یکم شماره 2 (پاییز 1390)

Despite the large amount of proteins in the plasma, the urine is virtually protein free due to the selectivity of the glomerular barrier. Various physiologic settings, including exercise, can induce a transient increase in the urinary protein excretion that is usually benign and reversible. Several studies have reported postexercise proteinuria in healthy adults. However, there is little information about this phenomenon in adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was the comparison of exercise-induced proteinuria after a semi-soccer protocol and a soccer match in male adolescents. Twenty-two adolescent male soccer players (age 14-16) were selected for this study and randomly assigned to soccer match or semi-soccer protocol groups. Urinary samples were gathered in form of 24-hours samples before and 24 hours after completion of exercise protocol. The result showed that completion of both the semi-soccer protocol and the soccer match caused significant increase in urinary excretion of total protein, creatinine, beta2microglobulin and gama glutamyle transfrase (p>0.0001). Also, in post-test, urinary excretion of all noted indexes was slightly higher in the soccer group but the difference was not statistically significant. Changes in renal hemodynamics, glomerular basement membrane permeability, blood acidity, membrane charge, and hormonal and enzymatic alterations induced by exercise probably cause increase in glomerular permeability and disturbance of tubular reabsorbtion and it causes the excretion of low and high molecular weight protein in urine after exercise.

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of regular physical activity, isometric strength and anthropometric indices, which could be effective on BMD in young women. One hundred and sixty young females (aged 20.3±1.4 years height 160.3±5.1 cm and weight 55.1±7.9 kg; mean±SD) were selected as subjects and participated in this short-term study. The level of physical activity was determined by questionnaire. Isometric muscular strength of wrist, back and leg was measured by dynamometer and body composition was determined through BIA method. The results show that only 22.5 percent of subjects were active and the rest were in hypoactive and inactive groups. The results also show that there was a high relationship between the level of physical activity and wrist, back and leg strength (p<0.05). There was significant difference between wrist, back, and leg strength, lean body mass and body fat percent of groups regarding to the level of physical activity (p<0.01). Further analysis showed that lean body mass and muscular strength in the active group was significantly higher than in hypoactive and inactive groups (p<0.05). The result of this study indicated that if active group compare to hypoactive, and inactive groups are in good physiological and anthropometrical condition, but the limitation of quantity of this group take into consider that, the risk factors in turn possibility of inflicting with osteoporosis was relatively high among female students. Therefore, the level of physical activity, and lifestyles of the female students should be improved.

Insomnia and systemic inflammation are common in end-stage of renal disorder. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a resistance training program during haemodialysis could improve sleep quality and systemic inflammation in haemodialysis patients. This study is a cross- sectional study which was performed within a haemodialisis unit of Ghiasi Hospital. Fifteen haemodialysis patients (age= 52.2±9.4 yr, body mass index= 23.4±2.39 kg/m2) participated in this study. The patients were randomly assigned to resistance training (n=8) and control (n=7) groups. The training group participated in 8-week resistance training during dialysis (three times/ week, 60 min/ session). The intensity of the exercise program is condition level 12-16 according to the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (moderate intensity). Sleep quality [the pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)], C-reactive protein (systemic inflammatory index), and muscular fitness were measured prior to and after the intervention. Resistance training during dialysis improved the sleep quality index and muscular fitness in haemodialysis patients (p<0.05). Concurrently, C- reactive protein concentration were significantly decreased in response to resistance training (p<0.05). 8 weeks of resistance training during dialysis caused an improvement in sleep quality and muscular fitness in haemodialysis patients, and this improvement was associated with decreased C- reactive protein levels.

Cardiac disorder is a disease that affected many people. This disease not only affects the body but also results in depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of two months exercise rehabilitation on anxiety and somatisation of CABG patients. Our subjects were 60 patients that were under surgery in one of the city’s main hospitals. From these, 930 patients who went to cardiovascular research center were put in the exercise rehabilitation group and 30 patients who did not go to rehabilitation were put to the control group. Then rehabilitation group performed 90 minutes exercise session 3 times per week for 8 weeks and the control group did not experience any beneficial physical activities. Subjects completed the SAS questionnaire before and after the rehabilitation program.In doing so we were able to assess the amount of anxiety and somatisation. The findings demonstrated that there was a significant decrease in anxiety in exercise rehabilitation group compare to the control group (p=0.014). In addition, we observed reduction in somatisation but it was not statistically significant (p= 0.25). Exercise rehabilitation may be a good method to prevent mental disorder and modify the post effects of coronary artery bypass surgery.

There is massive literature regarding the benefit of exercise training on different functional systems. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of exercise training in extreme environment specially hot and humid one on cardiovascular system. The aim of the current study was to investigate some of the coagulant factors and QTc interval, in healthy young men as results of dehydration in sauna and rehydration followed by arm cranking exercise training. 14 healthy young wrestlers with 2 years of professional experience [weight 77.17 ± 10.20 kg, age 18.4±2.59 yrs] were assigned to experimental and control groups randomly. The experimental group lost 3-4 percent of their body weight through 10 min interval in dry sauna. To rehydrate they drank mineral water (Nestle) proportionate to the body weight loss. Both groups exercised in a 6 min high intensity arm ergometer protocol with 8×15s intervals at maximum workload and 30 s active recoveries in three trials. All the relevant parameters were measured in euhydration, dehydration, and 18 hr after dehydration trials. Fibrinogen in the experimental group was increased after dehydration and significantly reduced after rehydration. PT in the experimental group significantly reduced after rehydration compared to dehydration and rehydration. QTc in experimental group was unchanged immediately after dehydration but increased significantly after dehydration. In addition, fibrinogen variation in dehydration and rehydration trials, reduction of PT and increase of QTc in the rehydration trial was significant between groups. 3-4 % dehydration by sauna and exercise training followed by that can induce to some coagulation abnormality and as well as ECG variation which can be life threatening for athletes.

The purpose of this study was to determine the proper height of hurdles for ten consecutive double-legged jumps in plyometric training The sample included 45 female (height: 165 ±5 cm and weight: 56.0 ±6.4 kg) and 35 male (height: 177 ± 6 cm and weight: 68.8 ±7.3 kg) volunteers. Two different tests of height jumps over hurdles, namely \"1 repetition maximum jump (1RMJ)\" and \"10 repetition maximum jumps (10RMJ)\" were administrated in two separate sessions 48 hours apart from each other. The rate of drop in height of 10RMJ (compared to 1RMJ) was divided into three groups of \"15 cm and lower\", \"20-25 cm\", and \"30 cm and higher\". Discriminant analysis showed that for 59% of cases, 1RMJ height could estimate 10RMJ height correctly. Furthermore, by the means of multiple regression analysis, an equation was produced to estimate proper height of 10RMJ from 1RMJ height. Accordingly, there was a variation of 10 to 35 cm in the drop rate of 10RMJ in different individuals. There was no relation between anthropometric measures and jump height. The best predictor of 10RMJ was 1RMJ. It is likely that the technique of jump, which determines the energy cost of every jump, would have a vital impact here. It is suggested to determine the height of hurdles for different number of consecutive jumps apart from 10 repetitions by the use of the same study design.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether physical fitness components (flexibility, handgrip, agility, cardiovascular endurance and body composition) are affected by hormonal fluctuation within a monophasic oral contraceptive (OC) cycle. Twenty eumenorrheic nonprofessional athletic females (Mean ± SD; age: 25.7±5.7 yr, body mass: 56 ±6.65 kg, height: 1.60±0.04 m, BMI: 22.4±2.8 kg/m2) using pill (at least from 18 months before entering in the present study) were tested at two different times of a single OC cycle, during High Hormone Phase (HP: days 19-21) and Low Hormone Phase (LP: days 4-6). Handgrip was measured three times by dynamometer and the best performance was recorded for statistical analysis. The percentage of total body fat was measured by taking the girth measurements at abdomen, right thigh and right forearm with a measuring tape. Agility, flexibility and cardiovascular endurance were measured by the Illinois agility run test, sit and reach test and multistage fitness test, respectively. There was a significant difference between phases for VO2max which at LP (27.9±2.9 ml/kg/min) was 2.1% higher than HP (27.3±2.9 ml/kg/min) (p<0.05). Body mass was significantly (1.9%) higher at HP compared to LP (p<0.05). Body composition was affected significantly by the OC cycle. Body fat percentage and lean body fat was significantly higher at HP than LP by 0.8% and 1.1%, respectively (p<0.05). It can be concluded that nonprofessional athletic females may experience significant variation in VO2max, body mass and body composition throughout an OC cycle that could be detrimental to performance.