فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 82 (زمستان 1391)

Housing, as a sector which absorbs 25% of all investments and 30% of countryُ s money supply, has been always a place of dispute for different factors and also it has been the origin of several positive and negative effects in macro, zonal, and local levels. Shortcomings regarding investment in industrial and agricultural Sectors and housing role as one of the main properties of each family has caused a disease called bubble growth in housing in Iran and consequently in Kurdistan. Housing in the province of Kurdistan, following national level, has numerous problems and shortcoming. The province was one of the critical regions of Iran in terms of house supply and the amount of investment. In this study housing current situations indexes have been investigate and at last, by making use of SWOT model, the conditions of the sector has been analyzed. the present study tries to investigate and identify the main problems of housing in the province, and to offer some strategies and guidelines for eradicating and lessening these problems. The present study is an applied one which is done in two ways: Descriptive and Analytic. The methods used in collecting data are documentary (library – based) and field (survey) ones. The need data and statistics have been collected from authentic centers such as Iran Statistics Center and Central Bank. The final analysis has been done by SWOT model. The results of the study shows in the urban areas and rural areas of the pronince of Kurdistan 60% and 87% of the residential own the place they inhabit, respectively. Family index to house unit in urban areas in 1355 has reached 1. 11 from 1. 48. The above mentioned index in rural areas has been stable from 1355 to 1385 at the point of 1. 04. Much important than this is the person (individual) index in a room which has increased from 2. 12 in 1365 to 1. 38 in 1385 in urban areas and from 2. 1 to 1. 5 for rural areas at the similar Period. Yet, the difference in this index is of significance in comparison to standards. In the urban areas of the province of Kurdistan more than 29% of the houses and 3. 3% of the rural houses have been built with durable material, Considering private sector investment growth compared to fixed Price, if we consider the year of 1376 as our basis, we can witness so much fluctuations. The maximum increase in investment was in 1376 with 772% and the minimum one was in 1377 with -77. 1%. In terms of nationwide scale, we can say fluctuations were so low that the maximum increase was 17. 7% in 1381 and the minimum one was -6. 96% in 1376. The portion related to the cost of the land in housing costs in the period (from 1375 to 1384) has been constantly increasing. It has grown from 28. 66% to 44. 68% of all housing costs. Yet, buying, selling, in the renting costs were reguarly increasing. However, renting in the recent has had more growth than the others. The portion related to housing during last decade in family budget in all income one-tenths. in the province has been increasing but housing cost in family budget one-tenths to some extent has a reverse relation with income one-tenths. That is, one-tenths with high income has allocated fewer portions to housing cost. Based on the results of a GINI Coefficient which is a criterion for studying difference among society s economical one-tenths have been decreasing during last decade it fell to 0. 284 in the year of 1385 from 0. 306 in 1355. House to annual income has had a decreasing rate and their ability to buy a house has decreased to 15. 3 meters per year from 18. 5 meters in 1355. The sector of housing in the province of Kurdistan, the same as nation-wide level and even more than it, has fundamental Structural weaknesses and deficiencies. House shortage, high Prices of the land and renting, the role of middlemen and exchange regarding land and house, Poor quality of more than 40% of houses, Shortages and weaknesses in terms of quantitative indexes, the low rate of investment in housing and expensive materials and building structures along with other specific problems existed in this province such as environmental and topographical conditions and also general economical inability are the main problems of this sector in the province. So, it would be necessary for private sector to be under financial and statutory support of state sectory and along with a supportive, dynamic state sector and in a quite clear legal situation through a comprehensive and flexible (in facing with problems) plan, these two sectors should cooperate to eliminate housing sector problems.

Researches on quality of life in urban environments have gained considerable attention by the urban scientists. These studies have specific approach in different dimensions. For example, they may cover different geographical regions and the specific aspects of quality of life such as housing, income, safety issues and etc. Quality of life has a comprehensive meaning which ranges from good, satisfied to happy life. Foo defined quality of life as follow "quality of life examines two sets of objective and subjective indexes in many cases". Subjective indexes extract from measuring the perceptions, attitudes and satisfaction of people regarding to their urban environment, while objective indexes would obtain via visible realities which are available in the form of secondary data. Given the level of quality of life in the study both indexes could be used for showing the level of urban quality of life. The methodology of the research is based on descriptive-analytical a method which is associated by conducting a field work to complete the questioners in the city of Babolsar. Entropy and SAW technique were applied to rank the quality of life in the sixteen neighborhoods of the city. The number of objective and subjective indexes included 20 which a part of study concentrated on the subjective aspect, so to measure the view of citizens 320 questionnaires were distributed in the sixteen neighborhoods of the city i.e. 20 for each neighborhood. Cochran equation was used to to determine the number of samples from the statistical society of Babolsar with 50032 populations as follow. Theoretical There have been many approaches regarding to the quality of urban residential environment such as Policy Maker's Perspective,Cognitive-Psychological Perspective, Semi-Empirical Approaches and Empirical Research Perspective.Study area: Babolsar with an area of 1350 hectare is located in the southern part of Caspian Sea in the delta of Babolrood river in the 52o 39' 30" E and 36o 43' N. The general gradient of the town is from South to the North (less than 0.5 and 5 in a thousand). The economy of the city is based on tourism and cultural function as the only state owned university has located here The margin neighborhoods like 14, 13, 16, 7, 1 and 8 ranked in low quality of life. These areas are the poor regions of the city where the economic poverty leads to other aspects of urban life. The neighborhoods of 5, 6, 4, 3, 11, 10 and 15 illustrated a high level of quality of life where the price of land and housing is higher than other parts of the city due to its proximity to sea and the river. Today accessibility to clean water, electricity, efficient public transportation, and others with a healthy environment is the priorities of most of the urban residents, which determine the level of people satisfaction and their quality of life. Mercer Institute reports that an ideal or healthy city has to have a sewage system, appropriate waste disposal, recycling apart from optimum environment, good climate and a low level of natural hazards. With respect to the results from the model application in the different neighborhoods of Babolsar, the quality of life revealed a hierarchical order in different aspects of indexes. The peripheral neighborhoods placed in a lower level of development. Also monthly income showed a higher weight among the all indexes.

From beginning of 20th century in which crude oil gained gradually its position as the most significant source for maintaining energy in the world, the rate of resources and status of demand and supply for possessors of such resources which are mainly producers and exporting countries and for importing and consuming of such type of energy became increasingly importance.Such situation emanates from the limitation of gas and oil also lucks of balance in geographical spreading's of these resources and their consuming market.Unbalanced distribution of natural gas and oil in various geographical areas and countries where are located in those areas, led to this reality that some of areas in those countries turned in to reserve poles of oil and gas and in contrast, some areas and countries located in those areas became lack of sufficient energy reserves or even some of them became totally without having such reserves.The said restrictions along with further and high consumption of industrial as well as more advanced countries and the impacts of this strategic commodity on the economic wheels of those countries, and less consumption of less developed as well as developing countries in which themselves are mainly possessors of such crude materials(and even are the most significant source of their incomes), led to escalation the importance of rate and venue of such energy reserves and the situation of their supply and demand plus their security in global market. Given the unfavorable dispersion of gas and oil resources and sometimes the remoteness from main consuming centers, along with problems of easy access of consumers and producers to resources and markets, this situation led to shaping the conception among consumers for achieving the confident sources of energy and producers for confident market of demand. Amongst those countries, as a country which possesses the largest resources of oil and gas in the world, Iran is not exemption, and as other producers seeks the confident and long term market for energy products in line with its national interests.For Iran, among great importers of global oil and gas, E.U. countries with first rank in terms of world crude oil and major demanders of natural gas, attach great importance.In contrast, E.U. seeks to diversifying its energy importing market for lowering the pressure and influence of Russia and its energy market. And Iran with possessing the suitable resources and situation is the major option ahead of those countries.What has happened till now is less than existing capacities and even the energy ties of both sides at first decade of 21th century has witnessed downward trend because of political disputes, to such an extent that many of Iranian potential opportunities in energy geopolitics gained by regional rivals of Iran and as a result led to continuation energy dependency of Europe to Russia. The methodology of current paper is descriptive type and is based on reason and analysis.In this research, through access to different scientific and research centers, and by using fish samplingas well as by exploiting Delphic methodology, the required data concerning the subject were gathered.Through describing theoretical foundations related to research including energy security and energy geopolitics expressing the necessary finding such as Iranian energy geopolitics as well as the status of energy security in E.U, the position of Iran in the energy security of E.U. has been discussed, which the ground for logical studying and reviewing the geopolitics relation of Iran energy and energy security of E.U. has been prepared Today the energy security is the most important challenge for big economies of world like E.U. and among various issues which exist in Europe policy and economy realm, it seems that energy and its different dimensions are at top agenda of the states of this region. One of the most important objectives which are followed within context of green chart and other energy strategies of Europe is the issue of diversification of fundamentals of imports including energy types and transformation lines.Given to the negative record of Russia in using energy as a political weapon, E.U. tries to convince exporting countries of energy and to establish new lines for transferring with aim at realizing this objective.The rest most important options for this union are fields of Caspian sea, North Africa and the Middle East.Among them, the regional capacities of Iran, attach great importance the geopolitics capabilities of Iranian energy for E.U. are double.It means that both it has rich resources and valuable geographical situation for transit energy resources of other field to Europe.Pressing need of Europeans to natural gas and lack of confident able fossil resources, led many western countries toward Iran.This issue has a particular sensitivity for E.U. which tries to exert pressure on Iran with aim at stopping Iranian nuclear programs.Now, the biggest obstacle on the way of Iranian gas for sale in Europe market, is Iranian nuclear programs. Iranian nuclear programs and E.U’s stand on this issue, determine the time of Iranian gas entrance to E.U. soil.A short look at the future of natural gas and status of big producers of this production in near future, displays a narrow dilemma in which Europeans many entangled in it.Although the gas of Arabian countries of Persian Golf region North Africa and central Asia countries is under way of Europe market, providing required gas of E.U. in future decades without Iranian gas would be impossibleWhile aligning with the U.S., the E.U. by bringing excuses such as Iranian efforts to access nuclear weapons, implemented widespread economic sometimes against Iran. Such sanctions include different dimensions such as investment in Iranian gas and oil industries.Actually these sanctions made obstacles in the way of investments of foreign countries and companies in high and low levels of Iranian gas and oil industries.Continuation of such policy in long term while prevents.Increase of production in Iran, would reduce current production too.Reduction of oil and gas production, while reducing the incomes of sale and as a result economic pressure on Iran, would bring reduction of energy production and increasing the price for its applicants including E.U. member countries.The said status, in addition to lack of active energy diplomacy in concerned establishments, depends on the typo of Iranian policy interactions and global system, particularly western world and at its top the United States of existing countering political approach between sides, led to missing big opportunities. The geopolitics of Iranian energy has such capability that with increasing the geopolitics weight of the country in global system, it could be at the service of interest and national security of the country.Butpolitical differencesbetween Iran andsomeinfluentialpowersintheworld system which is rooted from UnilaterallyPolicies and unreasonable of Western powers and adopting Contrasting national security approaches which made obstacles in the way ofIranachieving toitsgeopoliticcapacity,Especiallyintheenergy. Thus, for achieving the useful capabilities of Iranian energy, given the said statements in this research and subjective perceptions, some proposals are introduced as follows:1.Adoption growth-based national security approach with interactive view on global system.2.Formulation a comprehensive strategy of cohesive energy security and adoption energy diplomacy aligning it.

Increasing Population and urban quick growth has been followed the bad effects that today people believed urban areas are not suitable for living and activity cities Population growth created problems like traffic, sound pollution, producing lead in air, increasing industrial workshops and urban disturbance. Growing the population, particularly, expanding the urban life, overcoming industry based on new technology, tending to machine life have made an intensive destruction on human’s life including of ruining the resource and plants, changing the farms into the instructions, environmental pollutions and lockage of green coverage. These are included in Yazd.One of the solutions for environmental problems and changing the cities atmosphere to a convenient residential area for civilians are to create the green coverage especially parks in cities.Firstly, this research explores the existing situation, parks functional comparing and regional, districts and neighborhood zone needs and shortage. Our research methods which are applied analytical-descriptive processing tools, analyzing and decisions have been based on field study and GIS software.After evaluating the parks existing situation in 3 levels such as regional, districts and neighborhood in the zone, it has been determined that we are in shortage of parks in zone 1. Also, their bad dispersing of parks in different places in the area has caused many difficulties, shortage and needs in the other areas. Therefore, with the using of geographic information system (Boolean and Delphi method) we define the best area to build the parks in the mentioned zone. Nowadays, more than any other time, the importance of city and urban life, from the point of environment, is under a great attention and is considered as a necessity for stable development. Cities are growing continuously and a great number of people settle down in those. This tendency brings environment and resource destruction which increase variety of polluted environments for residents. Rapid growing population and expanding the city in last decade has had many bad effects. As a result, the residence believes that the cities are not suitable place to live. Growing the population brings heavy traffic, noise, producing lead in air, increasing the industrial areas to people. One of the solutions to solve environment problems and changing a city to a better place to live is to make more green coverage especially parks in the cities. Yazd is not an exception. This research is limited to zone 1. This area consists of 2040 hectare which is located in north of yazd and the population is over 73941. The type of research is based on applied development and the style of survey is analytic and descriptive. Then, we determine the number of the maps and create the database with the use of ARCGIS software from spatial to categorize the layers and combine them. Finally, with the use of Boolean and Delphi model, we locate the parks in a suitable area. Firstly, we worked on the existing situation and parks functional compare. Then, we consider the shortages and needs of the parks in the zone in 3 levels: regional, local and neighboring. Local and neighboring parks are covered zones 1, 2, 3 and 4 except zone 5(Afshar) which has two neighboring parks. The other area (such as 1, 2 and 4) in zone 1 does not have any park. After considering the park shortage in different zones, we has tried to find the best place for them with using the Boolean and Delphi model. The result of our research has shown that parks in zone 1 in yazd face with same quantity and quality shortage. It’s bad dispersing of parks in different areas has made many problems and difficulties in the city. Therefore, there is a large gap between the city and national or international standards. Suitable planning for distributing and locating the green coverage including the new parks locating in the area is essentially vital. So, we determine the best location for building the parks with using the Boolean and Delphi model.

Accessibility is a complex concept and has various dimensions, based on the phenomenon being modeled. Quantification of this concept with the proper dimensions in mind, calls for mathematical indices and models. Spatial accessibility is one of the principal concepts of geographyand transportation planning, especially in the social aspects, like justice. Since health is of major concern, universally, including also the developing countries, its inappropriate distribution can lead to unjust supply of its services, and unequal opportunities in accessing them. Spatial accessibility can generally be measured using the two criteria of regional availability and regional accessibility, as was first suggested to be used simultaneously in 1984. Regional Availability, a common index in health care services, measures the number of doctors and other medical experts available per population in need of them. Regional accessibility, on the other hand, characterizes the spatial or geographic distribution of health care services offered to the public in the form of health care centers, presenting the idea of distance from the demand to the supply as an impedance to access them. In this paper,the concept of accessibility is discussed anda descriptive model is presented for analyzing spatial accessibility,employing the Two Step Floating Catchment Area (2SFCA) method, which is also implemented for region 10 of Esfahanmunicipality. This method as the name suggests analyzes the catchment area or radius of influence of different services in two different and consecutive stages. The first the per capita of medical personnel in a defined radius of their service center is computed and in the second stage, these ratios are added for each residential area (statistical blocks here), considering and reflecting the overlapping supply of service centers, in the vicinity of the residential areas exposed to such circumstances. The main objective of this paper is to analyze quantitatively, spatial equity (or inequity) between different statistical blocks, using mathematical models. The research methodology adopted, is analytical and descriptive. Research data includes geographic information,number of the medical personnel serving in each health care center, population of the statistical blocks,and the road network information, which are organized in the form of appropriate data base and analyzed by the Network Analysis Module of Arc GIS software package. Results of the paper indicate that, in terms of personnel number, region 10 as a single entity, is in good situation with sufficientpersonnel, but the inappropriate spatial distribution of health care centers and their personnel in the region cause inequity of accessibility to these services. The magnitude of the mean and standard deviation of the accessibility index (0.00461 and 0.00655, respectively), shows noticeable difference between the statistical blocksinaccessibility to these services.As an example, the accessibility index of 68 percent of the blocks is below the mean value of the region, indicating different opportunitiesfor the citizens in accessing these services.Eastern blocks, generally,have weaker accessibility to health care services as compared with the western blocks. Results also reveal that the western blocks are more uniform and homogeneous in accessing health care servicesas compared with the eastern blocks. The paper emphasizes quantitatively the fact that poor accessibility can also be due to inappropriate geographic distribution of the service centers. The method employed in this paper can also be used for analyzing spatial accessibility to different kinds of services and their geographic distribution, in a mathematical and quantitative form, determining the status quo, identifying the limitations, and planning for their elimination. Considering the data limitation of this research study, it is suggested to gather more detailed data at a larger scale, particularly a whole city in contrast to a part of it, to implement the model and analyze the results. It is also advisable to devise a model to optimize (rather than describe) the geographic distribution of such services, based on a combination of criteria.

It is a long time that rural conductor plans have been implemented in a large number of rural areas in Iran and a lot of them have been accomplished and there are considerable numbers of rural areas which are not yet completed. Bearing these in mind, qualitative and quantitative assessment of these plans seems quite necessary in regard to their effectiveness and efficiency in tackling rural issues. In the other hands, a lot of government funding, amounting to millions of dollar have been spent on different parts of these projects, such as mapping, studies and so on. Therefore, it is necessary for the inhabitants of the rural areas to get to know what achievements these projects have had for their life. Therefore, in this study we try to assess the effectiveness of these plans on rural physical development of Jahrom County from the villager’s view as a case study so that we may discover the advantages and shortcomings of these plans and make use of the study results in future development planning of rural areas of the country and increase their effectiveness. This study was carried out using the descriptive-analytical method. Some parts of the data were collected through field study, questionnaires, and interview. Other parts of the data, for example, data needed for theoretical and conceptual framework, documents and census were collected through library research. Statistical society included rural areas in which rural conductor plans have been concluded ten years ago. Thus, it included 12 rural areas with a population of 4025 households. To estimate the number of participants, Cochrane sampling formula was used with a confidence level of 70% and error level of 55 %.The sampling was carried out in simple random method. Accordingly, to investigate the effectiveness of rural conductor plans on physical texture and rural development, 298 husbandmen were questioned. Having collected and processed the data in ArcGis, and SPSS,…we turned to data analysis andexplicitation.The following hypotheses were proposed to account for the study questions:The main hypothesis: "It seems that implementation of rural conducted plans has made way for systematized physical texture for rural settlements."To prove the main hypothesis, we had to formulate three secondary hypotheses based on research questions: It seems that implementation of rural conductor plans has paved the way for increasing the quality of rural housing. It seems that implementation of rural conductor plans has increased the rural people access to public service and has facilitated their transportation. It seems that implementation of rural conductor plans has been successful in environmental health. To obtain the value of effectiveness of rural conductor plans in each of the aspects, single sample T-test was used and2.5 was selected as the assessment theoretical median for the effects of rural conductor plans. The study results show that public thoroughfare(2.88) and environmental health (2.51). as variablesof ruralconductor plans on rural physical developmentwere higher than what expected. The study results revealed that rural areas of Behjan and Jarmesht with averages of 2.8 and 2.67 had the highest rank among other rural areas of the study area and rural areas of Kenardaran, Tahooneh and Tadvan were the last three rural areas which had the lowest rank. In this study the value of Freedman statistic was 0.833 which had a significance level higher than what needed (0.05).Therefore, it is concluded that the value of effectiveness of rural conductor plans on rural physical development had not significance discrepancy and is almost homogeneous. In fact, the difference in the performance of rural conductor plans is not large enough to take into account. Based on distribution coefficients, we may conclude that among other rural areas of the study area, the rural areas of GolBerenji, Sagade, Mosaviyeh and Alaviyeh were more homogeneous in four discussed variables. To assess the effectiveness of different aspects on rural physical development, stepwise regression was used. The results show that the aspect of public thoroughfare with a determination coefficient of=0.766 had the largest effect on physical development in a way that it holds 77.6 per cent of the significant effects of conductor plans. Aspects of environmental health housing and land use were 13.3, 4.2 and 3.7 respectively. Assessment of rural conductor plans in 28 indexes at 12 rural areas of Jahrom County show that average effects of the plans were 2.43. Based on single sample T-test, there is a significant difference between average effects of the plans and 2.5 (p< 0.05). Therefore the effects of conductor plans in the rural areas of Jahrom are assessed as having low efficiency.To conclude we put the research hypothesis into test, and accordingly we have: Among the eight housing related indexes, there were only two indexes higher than what expected and had significant correlations. These two indexes were house reinforcement and facilitating getting title deed. Besides, the results of T-test showed that conductor plans were poorly efficient in increasing the quality of rural housing (2.19); thus this hypothesis is rejected. There were eight indexes for public thoroughfare, and except for quality of pavement and beauty of passages other six indexes were significant and higher than what expected. Furthermore, the results of stepwise regression are well indicative of more effectiveness of the variable of public thoroughfare. Thus, the second hypothesis is proved. Among the rural environmental health related variables, three indexes of surface water disposal, rural sewage disposal, quality of garbage collection enjoyed significant correlations. Besides, the results of T-test show that the effectiveness of the plans on rural environmental health was higher than what expected. Thus, the third hypothesis is proved. Finally, to confirm or reject the main hypothesis of the study, based on T-test, the effects of the conductor plans on rural physical development of rural areas of Jahrom County were lower than what expected (2.43). Therefore, the conductor plans have not been successful in making way for organized physical texture of rural settlements. Therefore, the main hypothesis of the study is not proved. According to research findings the following guidelines are proposed: executive approaches such as in institutional and legal capacity expansion in order to facilitate and increase people’s participation in rural physical development of rural areas, allocation of adequate funds and organized financial programs for full implementation of plans, preventing the uncalculated implementation of urban plans in the rural areas without any adjustment for use in rural areas and so on.

Basically, any country's economic development requires investment in different economic sectors and activities in the country and without investment in infrastructure and superstructure projects cannot be expected to expand employment and economic prosperity had produced. To achieve this, many countries have found a strong desire to attract foreign investments. Tourism is one of the domains that can attract domestic and foreign investments and consequently economic development has followed. In recent decades tourism development in all areas, both national and regional or internationally has been regarded government planners and private companies. Many countries increasingly have realized this fact to improve their economic status should be spending more initiative and seeks new ways resultant. Tourism development as a set of economic activities, a considerable impact in strengthening the economic foundations of society has its role as a source of new employment creation, income, more tax intake, absorption, and strengthening currencies in the many studies of social infrastructure has been approved. Many countries know this industry as the main source of income, employment, private sector growth and development of infrastructure. Tourism development is important for the diversity of resources, economic growth and foreign exchange earnings and creates new employment opportunities. One of the areas of economic solidarity with the functions of tourism inevitably has to be considered a tourist attraction, market or local markets. These places during different periods of human life and different communities in different forms and shape and have evolved a variety of functions for its origin residence and the surrounding area. In other words, the market as the trade center has been core and source of many settlements in Iran. Developed market initially added products from agriculture and animal husbandry which of course other factors be play a role in this context that the human needs including a variety of devices, social, human being, the inability of people to meet the full needs of their. Reliance on local markets to local products and local attractions that is makes economic and social transformations economic settlements. Local markets in different regions of the old currency and cause changes in the social and economic life of the inhabitants of different regions, understanding developments and relations between them and the surrounding areas need further investigation. One of the local markets in recent years creating and developing is the Turkmen coastal Bazaar. There are social and cultural attractions, entertainment and leisure time position attracting local and other tourists. This research seeks to introduce tourism potential of the Bandar Turkmen and to examine the role of coastal tourism in Bazaar development. So the main hypothesis of this study is to: It seems that tourism is an effective role in economic development coastal market.This study, in terms of purpose is practical and the research methodology is correlation – analytical. Survey, questionnaire and document are tools of this study. Variables described by frequencies and their relations have been analyzed. The most important tool made this research questionnaire that is frequently used surveying research. The study populations of this study are based; include business units’ active sellers in the market. Analytical findings of this study based on test relations between variables are telling about tourism effective role in the development of Bandar Turkman Bazaar. Detailed look at the relationship between the variables we see that in addition to the role of the sea and waterfront recreation and tourism which have been market led development activities, tourism and its consequences as well as increased employment of women and youth, physical development and market development of handicrafts has been.Works and the positive consequences of tourism development are increase employment and job opportunities in recent years. Creating recreational facilities and considering the beautiful arrangements and clean the beach attract tourists. With Increasing employment opportunities and average income has risen. Market in attracting foreign investments has not been successful. Most retail investors are indigenous. Considering that tourists tend to presence and flow in a particular market and handicrafts have a special interest, attracting foreign investors to produce more in this area seems necessary. Finally, the findings of this study indicate that coastal tourism on economic development Bazaar Bandar Turkmen have been effective. Therefore, this study used survey research methods to study the interplay of coastal tourism in Bandar Turkmen Bazaar development. In this context, using documentary sources related to research and then discussed with the preparation and completion of questionnaires and field visits, then primary data collection and analysis have been.Research results indicate a tourism positive impact on the development of employment, income, physical and economic growth a coastal Bazaar. Finally, as a model for development and improvement of tourism and therefore Bazaar economic development is presented

Although the products of each region could be used as an indicator for the welfare of that region alone, but in new literature of this field, not only production but also the level of technology used in production is considered as fundamental factor for ranking regions based on level of development, particularly sustainable development.Meanwhile, the unbalanced spatial distribution of resources and production factors cause different potentials for different regions and therefore it requires accurate regional and national planning and identifying production capabilities. However, labor force is the most important economic variables that distinct regions.Quality of labor that measured by level of education and skill level in literature, like other social and economic variables can strongly affected by region. In other words the different levels of quality of labor force in different regions can be seen. However, in prevalent classifications, quality of labor force in each region considered as an indicator for determining the level of technology of economic sectors including industry.In other words, quality of labor force in the industrial sector shows the technology and, consequently, different levels of labor quality in manufacturing industries distinct levels of technology. Regional distinctions by technology approach were less noted in Iran and base on the knowledge of the researchers in this article there is no research in this field in Iran. Therefore, surveying the level of technology in manufacturing industries in Iran with regard to human approach is the main purpose of this paper. Technology level of industrial firms according to three basic criteria of production, value added and employment in 1995, 2000 and 2005 (the first year of second, third and forth development plans) examined. Quality of labor force used to determine level of technology based on skill level and by the engineers and technicians ratio to the total number of employees. According to this factor, industrial firms have been classified into three categories: High Technology (HT), Medium Technology (MT), and Low Technology (LT).If the number of engineers and technicians working in the firm in comparison to all employees is less than 15 percent, the firm is LT. If this ratio is between 15 to 20 percent the firm is MT and if the percent is more than 20 percent, firm is in the group of HT. However, in reports published by the World Bank and United Nations for international comparison of regions and based on CIP, HT and MT productions is in one group and so this study uses the same method to analyze the provinces in Iran. Although production in each region or country is the important indicator in economic position of that region, but new studies in this field has shown that this indicator is not and also should not be the only factor for determining regions in terms of development and especially sustainable development. For example more production can be combined with abundant pollution and so disrupt the sustainable development. Therefore in new literature, not only production but also technology level as well as Production is the basic indicator for ranking regions and it is expected that unbalanced spatial distribution of resources and production factors had different potentials for different regions. This study investigated the regional distinctions in levels of industrial technology. This study shows that the level of technology in the manufacturing industries of Iran strongly influenced by the location of industrial firms and determining technology level did not change this result. From a policy perspective, this result means that neglecting the level of technology used in production and making decisions only based on production amounts and ranking regions based on this indicator may have unreal results that do not match to sustainable development indicators in world.

Due to the growth in communication technology and overwhelming need to different forms of information, the second half of the twentieth century was a turning point to a new era in which human society was desperately dependent on circulation of information and on-time dissemination of information. Unlike the era of industrial civilization in that world started to expand, in this era the world is getting smaller. Rejecting the basis of industrial technology, the work of information age is based on data processing and the result of information technology. The most distinguishing feature of this era is higher speed and dependence on information as raw material needed by farmer, industry and development. A kind of comprehensive view overshadow this era.Only if this technology expands in all parts of society is the potential merit of it achievable. We live in a world with a digital gap in which half of the world population is even deprived of having access to telephone communication. Some researches talk about the importance and necessity of ICT with regard to the functions and services presented by it in rural areas and consider different points like social development, higher ability of villagers in making decision, rural expansion of villages and local markets, reduction in the effects of natural disasters and plant plagues, preservation of environment, empowerment of poor villagers, heightening life quality, decentralization, and providing work from far distance as the most important functions of rural ICT.One of the methods noticed by rural development planners as a result of recent developments in world is the utilization of information and communication technologies. Considering the massive effects of this technology in different societies, and the newness of this issue in our country, functional and field studies on the effects of ICT in rural development can usefully lead to correct use of this technology in our villages. Regarding the function and quality, the present research is descriptive-analytic. The process is based on collection of data and information, classification and organization of data, and analysis and conclusion. To collect data related to theoretical discussion, internet searches and library studies are used, and to have access to experimental data and information, questionnaire, interview, and direct observation are utilized. Combined questions and Likert scale are used in questionnaire and in the measurement of variables respectively. The center of Meshkinshahr was approved as a city by then government in 1938. In 1993, this city became a city of Ardabil Province politically and officially. The latitudes and longitudes of this city are 47º 15´ to 48º 14´ Eastern longitudes and 38º 12´ to 38º 50´ Northern latitudes. This city is surrounded by cities of Germi and Ahar, Azerbaijan Republic, cities of Sarab and Ardabil, and cities of Ahar, Haris from north, east, west and south respectively. The altitude of this city is 1625 meters, and the highest point of it is the Sabalan Summit in Sabaln Heights and has four towns and twelve villages.The findings show that predictive variables, production appropriate for market needs and production of new handicrafts, establishment of local markets, and creation of mental activities can predict the effect of the ICT offices. The services presented in field of electronic government, office and computer services, telecommunication services, post bank services, business services, postal services, and different internet services can predict the effect of the ICT offices. Among the variables of creating grounds of new jobs with giving the villagers the newest information, reducing migration through supporting producers of handicrafts, keeping graduates in villages through creating related jobs, creating jobs related to ICT, and raising the villager's income can predict the effect of the ICT offices. Effective and balanced use of basic resources, overall participation of people and local institutions in the process of ordering and planning, developing opportunities and capacities, variation in rural economy, and empowering vulnerable class of people can predict the effect of the ICT offices Regarding the findings about the rate of information of villagers on services of rural ICT offices, most priorities go to the basic services of these offices, and the least ones go to familiarity with different internet services and the government's counter plan. About the villager's use of needed services, the basic services of offices such as paying bills, and telecommunication and post bank services had first priorities and electronic services such as health, business, and electronic commerce had the least priorities.Villager's use of office services caused reduction in their commute to cities. Keeping graduates in villages through creating related jobs was the last priority, however. Creating grounds of new jobs with giving the villagers the newest information raising the villager's income through cutting the role of dealers, creating jobs related to ICT had positive effect, and reducing migration through supporting producers of handicrafts and keeping graduates in villages through creating related jobs had negative effect. With regards to findings and regression results, the effects of ICT offices on the economic, socio-cultural, environmental dimensions, and eventually on rural sustainable development were not very comprehensive. Knowing that this technology is quite new to rural societies, making attempt to inform villagers of various services available in ICT offices, emphasizing more familiarity of villagers with basic informational and communicative services, giving out information on merits and advantages of using services ofICT offices, attempting to make extensive advertisement for services by authorities, training villagers on how to use the services better, acquainting villagers with information giving services and special services of rural ICT offices, and providing needed equipment in ICT offices can influence villager's better enjoyment and more suitable use of services.

The purpose of this study is to investigate a new standpoint in area of geopolitics, which is based on information power and growth of modern combat indicators in the contemporary system. Thus, the basis of this study is the importance of geopolitics, its role in the international system, and its developments. By analyzing indicators of this context, we can find that the term “info sphere” (information resource) has an important role to obtain the answer of hypothesis proposed in the introduction and material and methods of this research due to its delicate nature. Given the analyzed data on the above content, it is clear that present geopolitics concepts are related to this new context.The results show that, information processes of contemporary abstract goals have a superior position among other common geopolitics contents. It means that, its key role in information industry and its direct and indirect contact to the geopolitics have time capabilities. The title of this study proposes a new reality in the geopolitics. Although geopolitics as an old content in geography, politics, and martial arts have solved numerous problems and political, martial, and security impasses of governments for centuries, but nowadays it finds a more complicated and extended function in relation to the nature of changes and developments in international system, especially in three fields of politics, security, and war. Today, world economy and long-term strategies or martial planning of most countries are designed and administrated on the geopolitics system.* so, the question is: as the technological complexities and increasing power of information move forward with time, can geopolitical measures play a role in its fifth dimension of effectiveness? And if it can, how these roles should be?Geopolitical quotations are the indicators of flourishing literature of geopolitics, which play a direct role in complex information deductions that is considered as an effective and strong pillar whether in setting internal or external power. Some of geopolitics scientists, such as “Lansdale” call this process as the fifth dimensions of geopolitics. Because of it, we chose the title for our article.However, this theory was considered after some Blitz and effective events had happened within international system. 11 September in New York and some events in other cities of US, Afghanistan war (that is continuing) and martial occupation of Iraq in 2003 cause that geopolitical concentration of US goes to East and Middle East.Several West theorists in geopolitics believe that the reasons of martial proceedings in early years of Third Millennium refer to the high military power which is come from info sphere. This matter gets the Eastern competitors of US in struggling position, and even European allies of US are concerned.Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study the efforts that several countries, especially those who have geopolitical super position, has make parallel to these changes and developments, to strengthen their military and information-security power, so that they can defense in the offensive and defensive positions.* The hypothesis of this study are as follow:a) Information power has a different role from other indicators in terms of geopolitical growth and development indicators.b) There is a significant relationship between military power and information power in this age, and the most important aspect of this, is its geopolitical function. According to the introduction and the necessity of explaining subjective dimensions of this article, we can propose that; basically, national benefits of the countries in the 21st century, which is a mesh and complex century and full of geopolitical unrests, have a different trend from past periods. So, national benefits are defined and designed based on a chain of internal fixed and variable needs and based on regional and international occasions, which is also changed.However, one of the major reasons for this changing in approach is the technological progresses in the world, and the developments in some fields were as fast as we cannot imagine. We might say that, the developments in communication technologies are the superior of industrial and technical fields, and this increasing trend is going on. For instance, using aero spaces in this century cause an important complication in strategic world. And most of the geographers knows that how this trend voided land borders!On the one hand, massive influx of West information patterns, and on the other hand, disability of several developing countries and countries with valuable natural resources and energy in the area of competition of products and tools, has make an endless race in military and information power, that we should run after them. However, even countries with super geopolitics are not exempt from information and software tools of effective and redeveloped west countries. It seems that, the better geopolitics is on the siege of fifth dimension and its new form; information power. All above factors make the individual (national) identity weaker, and geopolitics mobile elements (human) look for their selves in the other. Now this question arise that, do geopolitics deal with secession in this century? Or, do historical events get the geopolitics to the retrospection? Or, do it increase its role in 21st century? And what is geopolitics in fifth dimensions?This article tries to answer above questions and forward hypothesis. Of course, because of the novelty of this context, it should be interpreted and analyzed

The expansion of informal settlement, particularly in the developing countries, can be considered as a serious challenge for the achievement of different dimensions of sustainable development. This unpleasant phenomenon which pursued the urban poverty and changed the approaches to the above mentioned problem is the outcome of exercising a top-down policy in the development programs of these countries. As a result the clearance approach is being replaced by participation, empowerment and upgrading ones. People participation in urban planning is indeed a pragmatic approach to the problem of urban poverty. It is supposed that participation in informal settlement’s upgrading programs is not only important for the empowerment of their residents, social capital formation but the success of these programs led to more participation. So the essentiality of understanding and analyzing the potentials and the factors for resident’s participation of these neighborhoods are inevitable for achieving the effective participation and is a realistic approach to the problem of such a settlements. The role of women as half of the informal settlement's population with their sense of motherhood and concerns in bringing up their children in a suitable, safe and healthy environment(physically and socially) must not be ignored in upgrading programs. The present research attempts to understand the effective factors in women's participation in the process of upgrading Abek neighborhood. Accordingly it is assumed that there is a significant correlation between the women's socio-economic status and their knowledge of their neighborhood's socio-spatial problems with their tendency for participating in renewal programmer of their neighborhood. Also, the shortage of women's suitable land uses in the study area as a motivation for their participation was assumed to be related to the urban management’s ignorance regarding the role of women's participation in upgrading such a settlements. This research conducted by analytical-descriptive method, the data, collected by means of library search and land survey by questionnaire and interview. Abek neighborhood is selected as the spatial framework for this research. The Population (N) of this area includes those women over 30 years old, which were 683 people out of the total number of women's population in the study area. The numbers of population sample were estimated by probability binomial distribution (kocheranequation). For the more accurate estimation a pilot sampling was carried out. According to which p and q was calculated and equaled to 85 and 15 percent. The probability level was 95 percent. Accordingly the numbers of sample population were calculated as 87 but for the matter of accuracy and reducing the sampling error it was increased to 100. In order to allow the sample population to express themselves the questionnaire was mainly designed with the open question. Then the questionnaires were completed randomly. For the better result, the data were first summarized by descriptive statistics and then analyzed by Pearson correlation co-efficient as well as factor analysis. The findings of the present research shows that; although the population sample's socio-economic characters are low (with 74 per cent either close or below the mean level) but due to their relatively high (52 per cent) sense of place i.e. above the mean level the rate of participation among 62 percent of them were either near or above the mean. This is also statistically approved by correlation matrix between the population sample's senses of place with the rate of their participation. The result shows that the higher the sense of place among the samples the higher their tendency for participation. On the other hand the investigation between the rates of the population sample participation with their socio-economic status indicates that the high socio-economic status of the samples does not necessarily mean the increase in the rate of their participation. In fact the rates of participation among the women with lower socio- economic status were unexpectedly higher. Notwithstanding the fact that the low socio-economic status of women can weaken their role in the process of renewal (due to the lack of financial ability), but based on the findings of this research which showed the high women's tendency for participation - due to their sense of place, motherhood and so on... - one can be optimistic on women’s contribution on renewal process of these neighborhood too..The other finding of this research based on the land survey and collected data by the questionnaire shows the lack of urban management’s adequate attention to the important role of women's participation in the renewal programmers of such a settlements as Abek. This is proved by the inadequacy of cultural, educational and recreational land uses and spaces which are essential for women's participation in under study area.Thus; if the aim of urban managers is the renewal of these neighborhoods by the resident s participation they are obliged to rely on the women's participation and accordingly be aware of the effective factor which motivates their participation. Therefore planning for provision of cultural and social land uses such as training and skilled centers as well as providing the women with employment opportunity, can not only promotes their socio-economic status but their sense of place which eventually led to their more participation From the research findings it can be concluded that the willingness of the women sample for participating in their neighborhood’s upgrading programs is mostly related to their sense of motherhood and their will for the betterment of their children environment rather than an organized empowerment program. This is more interesting when the analysis of data showed that there has not been any correlation between the women sample level of education and their willingness to participate in upgrading programs. Although the importance of level of education must not be disregarded for the women to play a more effective role in urban development programs as whole, but as mentioned above the low level of women sample of the study area has not been an intervening factor for them to feel unable to participate and not to be useful in this programs. So by having knowledge of such deriving force as a sense of motherhood the urban managers should not delay in providing the women -as a half population of these neighborhood- with suitable land uses which can empower them to be more organized and enable and therefor more effective in the above mentioned program.

Persian Gulf Bridge project ideas that can create significant advantages and opportunities for the Qeshm Free Zone in the 50's when the first free trade port established in Qeshm Island was suggested. According to historical documents, it seems that Persian Gulf Bridge project in that time mostly was limited to connection between Qeshm and Bandar Abbas and Perhaps the strategic importance of this project in macroeconomic issues were not considered like today. But, now whit the opening operations of this project in 23 Persian date Esfand 89, It is expected that with completion of this project, Qeshm Free Zone roles using the results of this effort as “Iran’s new business Gateway” in the Persian Gulf waters. Thus, the question of this research is that how can Persian Gulf Bridge strategically roles in the geo-economical development of Qeshm Free Zone? In this context, the aim is to study and analysis of Persian Gulf Bridge project strategic importance in the geo-economical development of Qeshm Free Zone. With respect to theoretical essence, the actual method applied in the present research is analytical-descriptive. For data collection and indexing, library and internet have been used.In this research, to analysis of Persian Gulf Bridge project strategic importance in the geo-economical development of Qeshm Free Zone, the identifying significance of this project in the region, strategic importance of its in the economic development of Qeshm and its geopolitical importance have been studied.Results and Discussion Accordingtothe predictablefunctionalpotentialforPersianGulfBridge, it can be named Persian Gulf as a spatial phenomenon with connecting function as the future vital lifeline of Qeshm Island and Free Zone. Which can be exposed Qeshm on the other Hong Kong status as a regional new trade center at the connecting and trade crossroad between Europe and South Asia. As regards that the geographical role of the free zones in domestic economy linkage to global, regional economies is the best reason for geo-economical role of these zones, Persian Gulf Bridge after operation, according to its Predictable effects on the economy of Qeshm Free Zone can be rolled as cutoff of Qeshm Free Zone business relations whit domestic economy and regional economies business relations whit domestic economy in this process. At the results of this study, According to the Predictable perspective of the Qeshm Free Zone economy after operating of Persian Gulf Bridge project and considering the high potentials of the free zones, this could underlie the geo-economical role of Qeshm in the Persian Gulf regional competitions. The importance of this issue is that in today's world the main characteristic of geographical policy in the competition between states is defined With the dominant role of economics and free trade that it is known as geo-economics and in the world of geo-economics, the superior states that use all of the their geographical potentials for development and expansion of the areas of commercial-economic activities.