نشریه علوم درمانگاهی دامپزشکی ایران
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 6، بهار و تابستان 1389)

Carageenan is used to induce experimental inflammation in laboratory animals to study the pathophysiology and treatment of inflammatory conditions. Despite its routine use in research, different protocols have been suggested to administer carageenan in the laboratory animals. This work aimed at finding the most appropriate dosage regimen for carageenan to induce inflammation in the rat musculoskeletal system. In this study, 32 limbs of 8 male Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously at the palmar side of either hand or foot with 0.1 mL of either of the following concentrations of carageenan: 0, 1. 2, or 4 mg/mL. Thickness of the limb was measured by a micrometer apparatus before as well as 0.5, 2, 6 and 24 hours after the injection. The highest level of inflammation occurred 2 h after the injection of all concentrations. Six h after the injection, there was no difference between the control and treated groups. At 120 min after injection of 1, 2 and 4 mg/mL of carageeninan, the increased width of the limb was 18%, 18% and 21%, respectively. The inflammation reached the level of significance only 30 min after injection of the lowest concentration used, i.e. 1 mg/mL (P < 0.05). The use of carageenan for induction and investigation of inflammatory responses may be useful solely in early acute inflammation (30 min post-injection) at lower concentrations (1 mg/mL). Based on our observations, carageenan should not be considered as a right choice for this sort of research work.

Combination of antimicrobial agents can enhance the inhibition of foodborne pathogens and food spoilage organisms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. essential oil in combination with nisin or glycine, in order to find synergism, indifferent or antagonism interactions. The essential oil of plant was obtained by a clevenger-type apparatus. In order to determine chemical composition, the volatile oil was injected to a GC followed by GC/MS. Antimicrobial properties of the oil, nisin and glycine were determined by a microbroth dilution method, separately. Antimicrobial interactions were carried out using a Checkerboard titration and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Indices (FICI) were calculated, consequently. Linalool was the most abundant constituent among the oil constituents. The gram negative bacteria and the yeasts were the most resistant and sensitive against glycine and essential oil, respectively. Listeria monocytogenes was the most sensitive and Candida albicans and gram negatives were the most resistant against nisin. Nisin and oil combination resulted in a synergism effect, but the glycine and oil combination led to antagonism, indifferent or additive effects. Antimicrobial interaction of essential oil of Stachys with nisin or glycine resulted in decrease of minimum inhibitory concentrations that was more important for gram negative bacteria and yeasts inhibition. However, minimizing the minimum inhibitory concentrations lonely isn’t equal to a synergism effect and may conclude additive, indifferent or antagonism effects.

Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic coccidian disease that is highly prevalent in the world. This is a parasitic infection and causing acute digestive disorders (diarrhea) in man and animals. The pigeons probably may have a role in the transmission of Cryptosporidium infection for other birds and human. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp infection in pigeons in Mashhad from October 2008 to September 2009. Faecal samples from 200 pigeons were collected. Detection of oocysts was performed using the formalin- ether sedimentation method and the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in 2.5 % of the samples. The highest rate of infection was in winter although this difference was not statistically significant. Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in three female and tow male pigeons. No significant difference was observed between prevalence in male and female pigeons. Diarrhea was recorded in three of the positive pigeons. Prevalence was not significantly higher in diarrheic pigeons versus non-diarrheic pigeons. The results showed that local pigeons probably may have a role in the transmission of Cryptosporidium infection for other birds and human.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of Pasteurella multocida in sheep pneumonic lesions in Kashan abattoir originating from Kashan district that is arid area in central Iran. A total of 500 pneumonic lungs were sampled at slaughter and investigated bacteriologically for Pasteurella multocida isolates. Only 3 isolates of P. multocida were confirmed. We concluded that pneumonic pasteurellosis due to Pasteurella multocida is not so important in the studied district.

Neospora Caninum is an obligatory intracellular parasite that has similar morphological and biological characteristics to Toxoplasma Gondeii. The researchers have shown similarity between antigens of these parasites. In this study the results of a domestic ELISA for detection of antibodies in cow’s sera to Toxoplasma gondeii was compared to the results of a commercial ELISA for detection of antibodies in same sera to Neospora caninum via calculation of kappa statistic. The agreement between the tests was equivalent to 0. 65 that shows a substantial agreement. Based on these observations، the existence of cross reaction among antibodies against Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondeii is possible. So، using the commercial ELISA for detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum should bedone with more precaution and direct diagnosis of the parasite، beside the indirect tests such as ELISA، might overcome the unsatisfactory aspects of ELISA in this study.

The experiment was carried out in a poultry field in Kermanshah province in 2. However، our target study was to measure variables and having topic corporal development، as well as the uniformity in bird’s replacement in our fields. The experiment lasted five weeks. For this study، we provided two locations، one in closed environments under field conditions and other was open and free environment conditions. For each group we selected 500 chicks which kept and fed them. In this study we measured and evaluated these variables: The live weight of chickens (there is a slight tendency to the weight differences between groups formed، and it is demonstrated by the average of the data)، The length of the tarsus (the discrepancy of the variation in tarsus length is determined by the variation in body weight ofchickens)، The distance of the keel to the pubis and the measuring between of two pubic bones (2. 1% of the variation of the distance from the keel to the pubis and 1. 37% of the variation in width between pubis، is determined by the variation of the independent variable (live weight)، in chicken). The conditions of inside and outside environment did not affect to the measurements of the groups. The results were processed by statistical Statgraphics plus 5. 0.

To evaluation effect of the various staining methods on histological structure of sheep esophagus in different times، five mature female sheep from Lori Bakhtiyari breed were selected from Shahrekrod abattoir. The animals were slaughtered and the whole esophagus separated and pieces of 5 mm thickness were cut in the proximal، middle and distal regions. The samples were immersed in fixative solution of 10% buffered formalin for 24، 48 and 168 hours and prepared tissue sections، were stained by Hematoxylin and eosin، Verhoeff-elastin and Cason''s Trichrome were measured thickness of the tissue layers of esophagus and were registered. Results showed that the epithelial thickness was significantly greater in all fixation times and three types staining in comparison with two other regions. The propria-submu thicknesses were significantly increased by increment time in three types staining. The type of staining and the time did not have any statistically significant effect on the muscular layer thickness.

The role of electrolytes in the animal body is diverse, as there are almost no metabolic processes that are not affected by or dependent upon electrolytes. Thus, the normal values of electrolytes in serum and the other biological fluids are importence to compare in disease conditions and the other disorders in the animal body. In order to determine of normal values of some blood serum electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, Ca and P) in culture shirboat (Barbus grypus) fish, 106 male (52) and female (54) Barbus grypus fish were capture from one of the culture center at Khuzestan province, Iran. Blood samples were taken from caudal vein and blood serum electrolytes were measured with laboratory routine methods. In the male, the mean and the standard error of mean values of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and phosphorus were 146.7±1.6, 2.2±0.1, 88.7±1.3, 3.03±0.08 and 3.13±0.1 and in female were 144.8±2.7, 2.3±0.2, 88.8±1.1, 2.83±0.8 and 2.98±0.2 and the overall mean were 145.9±1.5, 2.2±0.1, 88.7±0.9, 2.95±0.05and 3.07±0.1 mmol/l, respectively. The results showed that, there was not significant difference between male and female shirboat fish.

The gastrointestinal tracts (G. I.) of 100 sheep were examined for the presence of parasitic nematodes over period of one year. The study quantifies the prevalence of both mature and immature (L3، L4 and L5) nematodes and their seasonal fluctuations 65% of G. I. Tracts were infected and from them totally 11 genus and 24 nematode species were identified. Among them the highest prevalence rate were belonged to nematodes from genus Ostertagia، Haemonchus، Marshallagia، Nematodirus، Trichuris، Trichostrongylus، Parabronema، Camelostrongylus، Oesophagostomum، Chabertia and Cooperia respectively. The highest worm counts were recorded in spring from April to the end of June، where the weather is quite warm. The lowest worm burden was seen during summer. The nine percent of G. I tracts were infected to immature nematodes in spring and winter seasons.