پژوهش نامه نظم و امنیت انتظامی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، تابستان 1388)

The twentieth century has observed growing increase of application of statistical reasoning to all scientific fields, especially humanities and social science. Thus familiarity with basic principles and techniques of statistical analysis in most of the scientific and professional fiels is highly significant nowadays. Close relationship between scientific studiesand statistical methods for verifying or rejecting hypotheses has always caused methodological issues and problems for researchers. Hence, offering a pattern to overcome these deficiencies seems to be essential.We make an attempt in this paper that after saying about statistical test (parametric tests and non-parametric test)with saying example after each test about police duty specifies using of this model.

In this study we will investigating on security in Islam with approaching on Prophetic procedure and security on Celestial and Mahdavian view. Accordingly, based on main indicators and key of great Prophet and Imam Ali’s statements and Expectancy Philosophy approach on security, we will determinate and studying its resulted Intellectual dimensions and standards. Therefore, according to this point that others Shea Imams have regard on security problem on Islam, so in this script we are studying the most statements of security concept and structure which have comprehended from Prophetic, celestial and Mahdavian research. What have importance and needing more attention in Great Prophet's statement about security, which it is His recognizance to Inspiration word and overall security in Islamic territory for all citizens. Based on Superempirical (Virtuous) Imams exemplification of Prophetic procedure and Fine statement of Quran beside Islamic Society appropriates and advices, also security and safety right of all Islamic territory people it is very important. Writers to this script are trying discuses theoretical foundations "security idea" on Islam school and on this way are analyzing Islamic statements to aim extracting samples which determinate limitations of representative security of Islam School. Because Islam manifestation is as complete revolution which is exhibitor of refresh and particular statements. In addition to represent concepts and new ideas, it also working on purification and modification of central and common concepts in scientific policy which can point to "security" concept of it.

At present, community participation has been emphasized as a strategy for social sustainable development. In safety sphere, participation is an inevitable necessity. In work scale, it has begun and compelled various projects about participatory policing and it has gained good results. In fact, police organization has been changed from centralize and governmental to community-based and decentralized force. In Iran, projects like neighborhood guard, police helper, safety services and etc. are samples of community policing strategy. The emphasis of this article is on necessity and possibility of community policing in Iran.

Globalization is a phenomenon that has had created both opportunities for and challenges to governments and their main responsibility, i.e providing security. It has changed the principles and criteria for legibility of political units and systems. If not handled correctly and wisely, it can cause legibility crisis, political instabilities and could finally lower the level of security. Also the fast rate of social changes as well as constant emergence of new phenomena can perplex and confuse organizations in charge of security, paving the way for instability and insecurity.

Peaceful life of people in any community is possible only through observing some common rules. But yet these common rules must have some specific features in order to meet their goals successfully. One of the main frameworks which are used to define these rules is the compliance and appropriateness of social issues and cultural phenomena with the prevailing spirit of social order. "Alley dwelling" is one of those issues that should be investigated according to the community values and cultural norms. Nowadays, this phenomenon, which has cultural and historical background, can be observed in most cities. Due to cultural transformation and change in lifestyle, it is becoming gradually social cacophonous (abnormality). What we have discussed in this paper is a careful analysis of the main reasons for "alley dwelling" which can be investigated in the leisure time and how people spend their spare time. What is important is the interaction between "alley dwelling" and social order which can be considered as an unobserved part of the order and security of community. Undoubtedly, cultural issues have played an important role in the existence of "alley dwelling". Accordingly, social transformation and social changes are among issues that can contribute to changes in the cultural tastes of people and change the perspective of these phenomena. In this article, an attempt has been made to probe into the harms and damages that alley dweller may have on society specifically about women dwellers in alleys in Yazd. To fulfill the purpose of the study and based on a sample of 144 female subjects, among the females in Yazd old quarters, the issue of alley dwelling and its impact on the social order and social security are investigated. The sampling method of this study was based on random cluster sampling. Data has been gathered through questionnaires and interviews. Findings showed that more than 39% of women sit in alleys. The average of time that the women spend in alleys is more than 6 hours per week. Almost 56.3% of them such women do not have any access to recreational places or sport clubs in their vicinity. According to the findings of the this research there is a meaningful difference between education, age, number of children, economical situation and the time they spend on watching television of women dweller in comparison with those of other women. The main reason of alley dwelling was investigated to be: loneliness (36%) and the main topic that women discussed in this situation are family issues (32%). The main motivations of these women are meeting and talking (20%). At the end it is worth mentioning that the main problems of alley dwellers are: backbiting (47%) and waste of time (16%).

Criminal law also like any other subject has its own way of change, challenges and its process.Law scholar in different nations tried to solve this riddle why some people in a society commit a crime, ignore the civil rules and break the laws, meanwhile most of the people respect the law and follow the regulations.It is worth mentioning that in different period of time scholar investigated the different aspects of crimes and their punishments and as result various views were developed an considering the punishments.One of these views is the metaphysical of punishment in which people were punished by metaphysical powers because of their indecent actions in the forms of natural disasters and catastrophes. Following this more than a thousand years in Europe the ancestor of churches defined a crime as a sin. Churches gained the qualification to torture criminals in its most terrifying way.In the later years a new view called new classic school of thought was developed as a response to the dominate criminal policy which had intellectual beliefs. These intellectual were an advantages implementation of absolute justice and punishment in which defined a crime.The classic school of thought involved that before every thing a punishment must prevent a criminal form committing a crime. In this school some intellectuals like Bentham offer more rigid and sever view.With the pass of time this school was criticized and led to the appearance of neoclassic's feather is that it gives attention to the different between criminals in different specific situations.After positivism became to existence in the last quarter of 19th century, scientific view towards a crime was formed and scientific studies were started.Positivism on the basis of its news attitude towards a crime paid attention to various punishment and social supportive actions.In this research we will do a very brief investigation about different opinions in positivism and classic schools, on the basis and the objectives of defined punishment will analyze their mode of change.

The citizen rights issue on one hand is about the public dignity and status and accepling their human and social existence, on the other hand developing the stablization affairs cause not only cultural growth and promotion, but also create reduction of citizens rights and keeping it is among the disciplinary main actions. Thuse, citizen rights are the rights whose prineiples have been recognized officially in framework of country official rules and social public values and manners. This research aimed in considering disciplinary forces, role-with policing action-in keeping citizen rights, it means to knowto what extent the police can be able to play a role in fulfilling citizen rights This study is conceptual and revisional kind (librarial and documentary method) and derived from scientific books are resources via taking a note, studying the meaning, the analysises and theorizing about the concepts of citizen community oriented police and the relations among than. The issue of Iran's community oriented police and also attracting the public trust and keeping citizen rights, the disciplinary forces is constant to reach to a social security.