فصلنامه تاریخ فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 5 (زمستان 1390)

Different nations, schools and figures can be considered of influence in scientific flourishing of Islamic civilization. Kufic scientific school, considering its popular combination of A`arab and Persians and Imam Ali`s presence (a) and Imam Sadiq`s pupils caused a deep and comprehensive scientific movement there. This paper, using a library-based method and relying on authentic sources, has studied the part played by Kufic scientific movement in Islamic civilization during 36-448 of Hijrah. As is explained, such sciences as Quranic commentary, theology and jurisprudence have been established in Kufa. In addition, Kufic scholars have been of significant role in compiling and publishing other fields too. Kufic scientific heritage, then, arrived at other centers of Islamic sciences like those of Bghdad and Najaf.

One important subject in Imam`s military way can be known as permitting or not permitting trick and treachery when confronting the enemy. This paper has studied the problem in a library-based method. As is described, Imam Ali (a), like the Prophet (s), never has used treachery against his enemy; yet he has used trick in wars only.

The lands conquered by Muslims out of Saudi Arabia Peninsula differed in different fields including civilized organs and finance regulations. Muslims, exercising general Islamic rules in official and financial affairs, used native regulations on behalf of their interests. Muslim governors of Iran, because of its background in civilization, met a fairly all-embraced, but particularly complicated system of financial and economic affairs. Yet, their interests did not permit them to change the system in a short time. Therefore, they kept the system, particularly in two sub-fields of official system for receiving the state`s rights, and of tax system for the land owners containing amount, manner and time of receiving. In the paper, the effect of Sasanid`s finance and official system on the finance system of Califs state, and the role of Iranians in managing it have been studied. It has been made clear that at least to the end of the first century of Hijrah, not only Iranian finance officials were put to receive the state`s rights and compile finance documents, but also the official language was Persian and finally it was Iranians themselves who translated them into Arabic.

The union and disunion of Muslim sects in the Baghdad of Saljuqid age can be counted as a suitable ground for producing thought and, in some cases, tension and crisis. Among the sects, the Asharites and the Hanbalites, with regard to other Sunni sects, were of more common beliefs and thought; one, however, should not be careless of their disputes during Saljuqid age. These disputes, affected by such theological tendencies as Hanbalite view of corporeality of God and Asharites` being close to mysticism and seclusion, with competition of two systems of power, caliphate and sultanate, in the age of 467-512 were more intensified. The intensification was caused by Saljuqids` protection of Asharites, from one hand and from the other, Abbasids` support of Hanbalites. In this way, their opposition led to bloodshed. In this paper, the author has intended to explain the affection of the two systems of government on union and disunion of the two sects.

This paper has intended to study the views on historical explanations critically with regard to the view of Quran on history. There can be found nine views as being of the most supporters. As is described in the paper, Quran considers human will as the origin of the movement of the history. On the basis of Quranic teachings, during the history of human kind complete and spiritual free men and those of vices have always been fighting against one another. Therefore, civilization and destructive wars both have established on human will. The quarrel and opposition arising from human employing instinct has been in progression since the quarrel of Habil and Qabil and such will be the case until when human thought arrive at such a high degree that be able to perceive the essential need for a world revolution to form a unit community and in this way, all hostilities and oppositions come to an end. On Islamic teachings, thought and deed affect one another and the foundation of human perfections lie in his nature. Therefore, his spiritual aspects precede his materials.

In order to understand political and social part of women during second Abbasid age (235-334 H), particularly in the age of the caliph Moqtader Bellah (295-320 H) as well as their part in the falling of his caliphate, studying Umm al-Moqtader`s life is of essential importance. For the purpose of the paper, her biography has been brought into consideration and the political space of Moqtader Bellah`s cliphate has been studied. An important question of the paper is: how Umm al-Moqtader was able to became caliph`s mother? And how did he played role in political problems of Moqtader`s caliphate? What did lead her to interfere in judicial affairs? How did she prepare her wealth and spend it? The research method of the paper can be counted a historical method with a social approach, based on library sources and in a comparative and analytical way. As is understood, Umm al-Moqtader interfered in affairs in different ways and her political and personal purposes have been considerable.