دو ماهنامه میکروب شناسی پزشکی ایران
سال ششم شماره 3 (زمستان 1391)

New food products from the production side of the cheese factory are very important in the food industry. By the same Lore or Lorek a product derived from Whey, which in some areas of Kurdistan and Azerbaijan, Iran is producing. This product features due to the presence of high level of nutrients substances and it processing very susceptible to contamination with pathogenic and oxygenic microorganisms. Purpose of this study was to the evaluation inhibitory effects of monolurine and EDTA alone and in combination treatments on Escherichia coli andSalmonella typhimurium in Lorek. Pathgenic bacteria E.cloi and S.typhimurium (1/5×106 CFU/g) inoculated to lorek after it made from whey, and tend monolurine and EDTA were added to it. This product was held for tree weeks at 4 °. Antibacterial activity of these components against E.cloi and S.typhimurium on 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days were evaluated using a specific culture. Monolurine alone was not inhibited the growth of E.coli and but a good antimicrobial activity against this bacteria whit EDTA (P <0.05). However combination with EDTA Antimicrobial activity of monolurine against S.typhimurium was desirable so that alone has prevented the growth of these bacteria. The impact of the over time on antimicrobial function Monolurine against both pathogenic bacterial used in this study is significant (P <0.05). Considering the appropriated antimicrobial activity of monolurine, this inhibitore with EDTA used for reducing risks of contamination, inhibition of growth, pathogenicity and toxicity from gram negative bacteria in food product.

Reference to the role of cockroaches in transporting and distributing of various disease agents in remedial and hospital environment, dwellings and dormitories, the present study aimed to study the fauna of bacteria and fungi associated with the digestive system of Blattela germanica L. collected from various locations at the end of fall in Mashhad. After dissection of digestive system under sterile condition, the extractions were incubated in EMB and Blood Agar medium. Bacteria and fungi were identified by clinic of microbiology of Imam Reza hospital of Mashhad. The most prevalent bacteria in hospital were Enterococcus spp. (78%) and Entrobacter aerogenes (50%). The most prevalent bacteria in dwellings were Klebsiella
oxytoca (80%) and Enterococcus spp. (66%). The most prevalent bacteria in dormitories were Entrobacter aerogenes (96%) and Enterococcus spp. (50%). The fauna of bacteria in hospital consisted of Enterococcus spp., Coagulase Negative Staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli. The fauna of bacteria associated with dwellings consisted of Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Entrobacter aerogenes and Micrococcus spp., whereas all species except Micrococcus spp. were found in dormitories. Moreover two species including P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis
were found in dormitories just. The results indicated that 3 fungi were observed in the digestive system of cockroaches collected in all three locations. The results suggested that for reducing the risk of transmission of various disease agents, suitable control measures should be applied to manage the population of cockroaches in various locations.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is related to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Thus, identification and treatment of the infection has a considerable importance. The aim of this study was to compare three methods of Histopathology, culture and rapid urease test (RUT) in identification of H. pylori in gastric biopsy specimens.153 patients (64 woman and 89 man) who suffering from digestive complaints and referred to the endoscopy department of Shahid Beheshi Hospital in Hamadan (2010, Iran) were participated in the study. Three gastric biopsy samples were collected from each patient. Samples were examined by standard RUT and culture methods for diagnosis of H. pylori. Histopathology used as gold standard. Out of 153 patients, 69.9%, 27.4% and 2.6 % had criteria gastritis, gastric ulcer and gastric cancer, respectively The sensitivity and specificity of the RUT result at first hour and after first and hour up to 24 hours were 55.4% and 80%, and 55.4% and 66/7%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of culture method was 60.6% and 100%, respectively. Findings of this study indicated that culture has a more sensitivity rather than rapid urease test methods for diagnosis of H. pylori, and RUT is more specific when done in first hour rather than after first hour and up.

Microbial biomass assay is used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and biotechnological industries in order to determine the rate of contamination, longevity and the possibility of use of the desired material in those industries. Measurement of physico-chemical properties and specterophotometric methods are used to monitor the culture medium variations induced by bacteria. These methods have substantial advantages over traditional plate counting and dilution techniques and significantly reduce the time needed to determine the microbial biomass amount.

Series of flasks containing microbiological media were added appropriate concentrations of chloramphenicol, ampicillin, vancomycin hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, penicillin G procaiene, tetracyclin hydrochloride. The flasks were inoculated with Salmonella typhi Escherichia coli, Meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes, respectively. The flasks were incubated at 37oC, 180 rpm. At intervals of 2h, total bacterial count, conductivity, resistivity, total dissolved solids, salinity, pH and electric potential difference (EPD) of culture broth were measured.

There is good correlation between EPD and OD. In the media containing no bacteria, EPD was constant. In the other media, an increase of EPD has been seen after 4-6h of incubation. Also, a sharp reduction of EPD has been seen in the middle of logarithmic phase.Discussion &

Correlation of biomass with cyclic voltametry had been reported in the literatures. However, there is no report on the correlation between EPD and bacterial growth. In this research, significant correlation has been seen between EPD and increase of bacterial biomass amount.

Group A -Hemolytic Streptococci are the most prevalent pathogenic bacteria that can cause rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis in adolescents so its correct diagnosis and treatment is very important. This study was done with multi stage random sampling method between three hundred 12-14 year old healthy students in Aras Free Zone guidance schools. Sixty seven group A -Hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS) strains were isolated and were tested with disc diffusion method against sixteen antibiotics including Penicillin, Erythromycin and some second line drugs such as Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Coamoxiclav, Tobramycin, Gentamicin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Tetracycline, Cotrimoxazole, Cloxacillin, Cephalothin, Cephalaxin, Cefazolin, Cefixime. This study indicated that of 300 students, %22 were healthy carriers of GABHS. Of 67 healthy carriers, 17 cases (%27) were female students of first base class that was the highest rate, whereas 4 cases (%8.5) were female students of second base class that was the lowest rate. All of GABHS strains (%100) were sensitive to Penicillin and resistance to Cotrimoxazole and Clavulanic acid were detected up to %92 and %89 respectively. Our results showed that prescription of second line drugs must be prescripted more cautiously.

The aim of this study
is prepration and using of microbial cellulose as an air filter and surface adsorbent of air pollutants. Techniques used in this study include bacterial cellulose production, growth and reproduction, processing. Then various methods for testing bacterial cellulose drying and pore size and the initial BET was measured with the device. The study indicated use of microwave radiation drying of bacterial cellulose with maintaining the initial volume and provide the openings so that the pores in their number and very close to the activated carbon and Iodine Number 632 was created. Microwave radiation causes the initial volume of dry cellulose production and keeping the pores.This method is so specific in creating poresswell dried bacterial cellulose that can use it as a biological filter with pores identified as adsorbent for removal of chemical pollutants was provided in the air.

Salmonella spp. are important zoonotic pathogens in humans and animals which cause salmonellosis. Use of uncontrolled antimicrobial agents in human and animal have been increased drug resistance in the different serotypes of Salmonella. The aim of this study was determining antibiotic resistant patterns and detection of ESBL producing isolates of Salmonellae spp. Isolated from different sources including human, poultry and cattle. A total of 70 salmonella isolates which obtained from Microbial Type Culture Collection of Microbiology department of Razi institute, Karaj-Iran, were subjected to determine of susceptibility testing to 30 antimicrobial agents. Phenotypic identification for ESBL producing isolates were analyzed by combined disk test (CT) according to CLSI guidelines. Genotypic characterization of isolates was performed by PCR based on blaSHV gene. (84.3%) of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to more than one antimicrobial agent. Thirty-two (45.7%) isolates was found to be multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates that two of them were resistant to 13 antibiotics. The most common resistance to antibiotics was to cephalexin followed by to nitrofuratoin and tetracycline. No resistance was observed for amikacin, oflaxacin, enrofloxacin, cefotizoxim, cefotaxime, and imipenem. The results revealed that 10 isolates (14.3%) were ESBL producing isolates by combined disk test while only 6 isolates(8.6%) harbored the blaSHV gene.The results of this study showed the presence of resistance gene of blaSHV in different Salmonella spp. Isolated from livestock and poultry in Iran. Therefore the continuing monitoring and identification of ESBL producing isolates of Salmonella in the community is essential.

Staphylococcus aureus could produce different toxins such as alpha, beta, and gamma-toxins and leukocidin Penton - Valentine. Leukocidin (PVL) is a cellular toxin which acts against polymorphonuclear cells, monocytes, and macrophages and causes an increase in cellular membrane permeability and leukocytes lysis and tissue necrosis. This study intends to determine the prevalence of PVL positive strains
of Staphylococcus aureus by Real-Time PCR method.

This descriptive study was done during the last 6 months of the 2011. 47 Staphylococcus aureus strains from the clinical samplesof Imam Reza Hospital and 53 strains from Shohada Hospital were collected from Tabriz- Iran. Real-Time PCR method was done by using specific primers and probes.

From 100 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 18 strains (18%) were PVL positive. Eleven strains belonged to Imam Reza Hospital and 7 strains to Shohada Hospital isolates.

By regard to producing PVL-toxins in Staphylococcus aureus strains accounts as a serious threat for human health. So rapid and accurate diagnosis of this gene in these bacteria is necessary. Therefore, it seems that access a rapid and repeatable method will help in rapid diagnosis and timely control of PVL- producing strains in clinical centers.