نشریه مطالعات اخلاق کاربردی
سال یکم شماره 1 (بهار 1390)

Intellect and wisdom in the philosophy and theosophy are the means by which the general concepts are understood. And in religion they are devices by which God is worshiped and paradise is attained. If this implement is neglected in any way, it will be captivated and controlled by the desires of human being.In this essay, the concepts of wisdom and ignorance are defined, and then desire and passion are explained. After that, different kinds of wisdoms and the position of each and their influence on human beings will be discussed. In addition, the difference between wise and ignorant lives, the features of wisdom, the dimensions of desire, the meaning of reliability of human intellect, pathology of wisdom, the sign of a captive intellect and its consequences, are among the issues we will discuss in this essay.

One of the features of the Transcendent Theosophy developed by Mulla Sadra is its reliance on the logic of the reason and the use of intellectual and apocalyptic achievements gained by theologians and mystics. For this reason some profound discussions regarding both ethical propositions and philosophy of ethics have been held by Muslim theologians about logical propositions, among which the main focus has been placed on the notion of intellectual or religious good and badness. Significant figures like Khaje Nasir al-Tusi, Molla Ali Qushji, Abd al-Razaq Lahiji and Allame Hilli and some others paid attention to this issue and had discussions in this regard.Also Mulla Sadra, the greatest philosophical theorist of the eighteenth century has tried to resolve the contradictions and ambiguities existed in some logical propositions, according to some previous thinkers. By distinguishing between "Primary Predication" and "common Technical Predication", Mullad Sadra managed to terminate all the Questions and ambiguities. He was able to take out the notions of "What" and "How" which are included in the category of predications from the philosophical cognition which is included in the category of "existence" In this essay, after mentioning the logical views of the theologians regarding the ethical proposition, we will illustrate Mulla Sadra's opinion and conclude that he has managed to remove the problems of such propositions by his innovative division of primary and common technical predications. In fact he managed to reconstruct the ethical propositions in the philosophy of ethics.

The subject of ethical propositions in the Quran is one of the most pivotal elements in perceiving the ethical teachings in Islam. To get acquainted with ethics in religious texts, the ethicists have taken different approaches. One of the approaches applied in studying ethics in the Quran is to probe and examine the ethical propositions mentioned in the Scripture. The ethical propositions make up a large portion of religiously virtuous statements whose recognition require applying scientific methods and resorting to different branches of knowledge. Since the seven commonly used ethical notions, namely: "do’s, don’ts, correct, incorrect, good, bad, and duty" are the basic and prioritized elements in recognizing ethical propositions, this study tries to offer a methodology in regard to perceiving ethical concepts, applying four different procedures which contribute to the understanding of Quranic ethical propositions. These four procedures are as follow: 1- Quranic scriptural propositions. 2- Declarative propositions with virtuous predicates in the Quran. 3- Devine affirmation and denigration 4- Devine support or objection.

Islam is a social religion, and the individual religious precepts within the Islamic society are also socially tuned. The goal of Islam is not only to shape religious individuals that will form a society of religious people, but also to shape a community with the purposes and opportunities for social relationships based on religion, and the bliss of the individual linked with the prosperity of the community and with social responsibilities. Islamic faith is closely related to both individuals and society, and as such, they are inseparable. One of the issues of Islam in this regard is the importance given to the desirable moral values in society. The ethics of the soul, purification and self-purification and the individual behavior and social relations of human beings are closely related to one another. In a moral society there are regulations of human relations with God, and of relations between Him and the members of the community, which will guarantee the salvation and perfection of human beings and of the society. Late Allameh Tabatabaei is among the scientists who paid special attention to this subject in his ‘Tafsir Al-Mizan’, the interpretation of the Qur’an and in his philosophical reflections, and indicated from one side morality as related to belief, and on the other side related to deeds. In this article the author has tried to analyze Tabatabai's vision on the desirable morals of society and explain and discuss the most important features on this subject.

The Stoic have taken advantage of philosophy, logics and physics to explain the principles and doctrines of their ethics. They consider ethics as a practical science and use “empirical matters”, “cause and effect” methods between phenomena to prove their fundamental method. It is one of the reasons which show that, the Stoic consider natural laws to show their moral matters. Such as the other schools like Plato and Aristotle Metaphysics, the Stoic pay attention to the ethical problems as, good, bad, virtue, and meanness to demonstrate their principles of ethical philosophy. However, they explain their matter by general natural law. They justified these problems according to the nature law. By fundamental principles they concluded that, adaptation to nature is positive and, opposition to these laws has negative values.The nature of everything is in that it follows the behavioral patterns and structures which the nature of universe or its Creator has situated in their nature. Since they believed that everything occurs according to the nature, and governed by cause and effect principles, things must act based on and in accordance with the nature.The Stoic’s universal views affected their ethics dramatically. In fact, they have used philosophy, naturalist philosophy, and epistemology’s discussion for their ethical principle stability since they justify their main ethical principles and even their epistemology according to the external cosmos. The research method is analytic, descriptive, and explanatory; and the Stoic's fundamentals of ethics have been explained based on their views on man, universe, nature, and God.

In this essay an attempt has been made to probe the issue of Abortion and review it through the perspective of normative ethics. There are numerous ethical questions, and lots of do’s and don’ts concerning this issue as well as its political and judiciary importance. Applying the theories expressed in deontological and teleological ethics which make up the two normative ethics as more general branches of ethics, we will examine the issue and will try to open a new gate toward solving its problems. Furthermore, we will investigate the efficiency of these theories in solving such challenges.

In this article we will first discuss Nietzsche’s theory on the ‘Death of God’ and its different dimensions, followed by the analysis of the general view on God in Christianity. After that, we will discuss Nietzsche’s belief that in the contemporary world, people are in a state of denial regarding the idea of the death of God. The meaning of Nietzsche’s ‘Death of God’, is actually the waning and at the end, the death of the overall Christian view and Christian morality in human lives and in the world. He believes that this immense crime –the killing of God by the people-has already taken place, but that people have not yet become aware of it; in this research we will analyze different people’s reaction toward this phenomenon, and also discuss the negation of these people. Furthermore, Nietzsche’s view on morality, his basic explanation of morality and the dimensions of the morality that have to be devastated and the dimensions that have to be built are analyzed. In addition, the types of people who are mentioned and distinguished in Zarathustra, (such as: kings, leech, magician, and …) will be the subject of discussion in this research.