مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان
سال یازدهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 47، بهمن و اسفند 1391)

Deprestion is a dibilitating disorder which causes meny social and health problems for the people. This research was done to asses the impact of encounter to scientific indexes of happiness on the reduction of depression symptoms. This experimental design research was done in accordance to pre-test and past-test design with a control group. The primal sample of this research were 150 students of Kerman Bahonar university that had been choosen by multistage clustering. Beck depression Questionnaire was given to them as pre test and the rate of participant''s depression was assessed. Then 60 participants were chosen and randomly assigned to the control and experimental group. After that Beck depression Questionnaire (BDI-II) ‚ gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) ‚ kindness Questionnaire and forgiveness Questionnaire (TRIM-12) were applied for the two groups. Eight training sessions were organized for the experimental group and 3 free discussion sessions for the control group. At the end of sessions Beck depression Questionnaire (BDI-II) ‚ gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) ‚ kindness Questionnaire and forgiveness Questionnaire (TRIM-12) were performed for both groups. The results indicated that unconscious encounter to visual and audile provocatives about scientific indexes of happiness، forgiveness‚ gratitude and unconditional kindness didnot have any meaningful effects on the reduction of depression while the training sessions about scientific indexes of happiness (forgiveness‚ gratitude and unconditional kindness) had meaningful effects on the reduction of depression. The results shows that changes in students’ depression scores were due to encounter to independent variables (encounter to scientific indexes of happiness). Based on the research results‚ it can be cocluded that encounter to scientific indexes of happiness (forgiveness‚ gratitude‚ unconditional kindness) can have agreat effect on the reduction of depression.

Improving the drug usage pattern and moving through a community with appropriate، safe، with doses that meet individual requirements and for an adequate period of time is pivotal and recommended by World Health Organization. In this study، we investigate the drug prescription patterns in the Kerman province in Iran.

Prescription indices in Kerman prescription database of Food and Drug deputy in 2008، which includes prescription of 245 general practitioners and 455 physicians، were extracted. Selected WHO drug use indicators including number of prescribed medicines and their cost، maximum number of prescribed medicine، number of prescribed antibiotics، injection and corticosteroids were investigated in this cross-sectional study design.

Average number of medicines prescribed per patient was 3. 15±0. 49 and 2. 85±0. 61 for general practitioners and physicians، respectively (p=0. 001). Mean for maximum number of prescribed medicines were 6. 67±1. 20 and 6. 57±1. 67 for general practitioners and physicians، respectively. For general practitioners، 16. 8% of prescriptions encountered with an injection، 17. 7% encountered with a corticosteroid prescription and 51. 9% encountered with an antibiotic. For physicians، 12. 8% of prescriptions encountered with an injection، 15. 4% with a corticosteroid prescription and 39. 0% encountered with an antibiotic. The difference in prescribing these categories was significant between practitioners and physicians (p=0. 001، p=0. 001 and p=0. 016، respectively). Experienced practitioners were more cautious in the number of prescribed medicines (p=0. 001)، however، the price of their prescriptions were higher than the young practitioners (p=0. 001).

Despite the educational programs for the rational use of drugs، prescribing indicators are far from international recommended criteria. Hence، it is necessary to promote prescribing practices through establishing more comprehensive training courses related to the rational use of medicines. Besides، exerting surveillance systems is a useful way to monitor and control drug usage in the community.

Plantar fasciitis has very important performance in function of the foot that this is which causes the arc of the foot. Long strech on this fascia causes inflammation and calcaneal pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of low power laser in the treatment of plantar fasciitis. This study was a double blinded clinical trial conducted on a consecutively selected sample of 50 patients from 9 February 2010 to 11 January 2011 in Fattemieh Physiotherapy Clinic of Rafsanjan. Patients who were all suffering from plantar fascilitis were divided in two equal groups randomly. Two research methods were included: laser and placebo. Intensity of local pain، radicular pain، sensitivity to palpation and morning pain were assessed in 1st، 5th and 10th sessions. For data analysis bilateral ANOVA، touky and X2 were used. The results of this study showed that low power Laser has been significantly effective in reduction of local pain of the plantar fasciitis (p<0. 0001). In the 10th session X2 test revealed that laser can be effective in the reduction of redicular pain، sensitivity to palpation and morning pain of the plantar fasciitis (p<0. 0001). This study indicated that in the 10th session، laser can be effective in the reduction of local pain، redicular pain، morning pain and improving of sensitivity to palpation of the plantar fasciitis.

Nitric oxide and histamine H1 receptors influence anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore، interaction between nitric oxide and histamine H1 receptors has been demonstrated in the modulation of some behavior. The present study was designed to evaluate the interactions between pyrilamine، aH1 receptor antagonist and nitric oxide systems in the CA1 brain region of the mice using the plus-maze test. In this experimental study، 136 adult male NMRI mice were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and two cannuale were inserted stereotaxically into the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus. After 1 week recovery، the elevated plus maze test was used to test the anxiety-like behaviors. Intra-CA1 injection of pyrilamine induced anxiety. Intra-CA1 injection L-arginine (0. 1 and 0. 5 µg/mouse) or L-NAME (5، 10 ng/mouse) 2 min after befor effective dose of pyrilamine (9 µg/mouse) inhibited anxiogenic effects of pyrilamine. These results show that there are complex interactions between histamine H1 receptors and nitric oxide system that affect anxiety behaviors in the CA1 region of dorsal hippocampus. Activation or inhibition of nitric oxide system inhibits anxiogenic response of pyrilamine in the dorsal hippocampus.

Postpartum fatigue increases incidence of postpartum depression. This study accomplished with aim to compare managed and spontaneous pushing during second stage of labor on postpartum fatigue in nulliparous women in Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital in Arak in 2010. Methods and Materials: In this clinical trial research 104 nulliparous women were randomly allocated in two groups as a managed and spontaneous pushing. when contraction is started، the mother breath deeply and force with keep breathing to 10 numbers. Fatigue severity determined 1 and 24 hours after delivery with standard questionnaire. Data was analyzed by using Mann–Whitney U and Chi-square tests. Mean duration of first and second stage of labor in two groups was not statistically significant difference. Fatigue severity in the 1 and 24 hour after delivery between the two groups was statistically significant (p=0. 004، p=0. 001). The difference of fatigue score between the two groups was statistically significant that respectively in managed pushing and spontaneous pushing 1 hour after delivery 30. 19±10. 64 and 24. 17±10. 68 (p=0. 005) and 24 hour after delivery 18. 75±9. 28 and 10. 25±5. 5 (p=0. 001). spontaneous pushing results in less fatigue in the first and 24 hours after delivery than another method. we recommend using this method in second stage of labor because of the importantance of maternal role and newborn care in this time.

Non alcoholic fatty liver disease is a common disease with an increased risk of atherosclerotic changes of the vascular structures، which could lead to vascular disease. T his study has been carried out to evaluate the significant relation ship among non alcoholic fatty liver disease and hemodynamic criterion of the intracranial vessels by transcranial doppler ultrasound as a non invasive method. Matrials and In this cross sectional study، involving 47 subjects ages 23 to 68، who had been evaluated for hemodynamic criterion of the intracranial vessels by transcranial doppler ultrasound were studied. Subjects were divided based on the ultrasound criterion for fatty liver disease as follows: mild (10 patients)، moderate (10 patients) and severe (11 patients). ANOVA and K2 were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that the hemodynamic criterion of intracranial cerebral vessels، pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) in anterior، middle and posterior cerebral arteries and internal carotid arteries in severe non alcoholic fatty liver group were significantly higher as compared to control group (p<0. 05). There was a significant increased in these hemodynamic criterion values in middle cerebral arteries in non alcoholic moderate fatty liver group as compared to the control group (p<0. 05). Increase in the values of pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) of the intracranial cerebral vessels in moderate and severe non alcoholic fatty liver groups could be related to atherosclerotic changes of the intracranial vessels owing to malfunction of the cellular endothelium secondary to non alcoholic fatty liver disease as part of the metabolic syndrom، emphysis the significance control of the atherosclerotic risk factors and early prevention and treatment of intracranial vessels disease to reduce complications of the non alcoholic fatty liver disease.

The use of laboratory animals for biomedical research، due to using unwilling research subjects in potentially painful or distressful procedures usually leading to death، is a hotly debated ethical issue. The our purpose was to review of ethical issues of using animals in biomedical research from historical، theoretical، scintific and Islamic standpoints. To collect appropriate research papers and resources in this regard، the related Persian and English words and phrases were searched in a valid set of Iranian and world scientific databases such as PubMed، Web of Knowledge، Google Scholar، IranMedex، Magiran and SID. historitically، there is an increasing sensitivity to using animals in biomedicine in Iran and the world. Theoretically، if animal would have consciousness and ability to experiencing pain and distress، then application of some methods resulted to pain، distress and killing will not justifiable. Recent scientific evidence is suggesting of animal abilities to exprincing and supressing various pains and emotions، as well as the existence of basic emotional systems (such as anger، fear، panic، depression and stress) and vebal، problem-solving skills، tool-related cognition، empathy and self-awareness، causal reasoning، flexible learning، imagination، prospection and Play behavior. These abilities and features may confer a base for ethical protection. Besides، according to Islamic doctrines، the creation of animals has purposeful and animals deserve care and respect; hence، many catholic Islamic decrees regarding to the interaction between human and animals may be generalized to animal using in research. Animal rights and ethical issues in the animal research are supported by solid theoretical، scientific، Islamic and legislatorial fundamentals. It seems necessary that researches become aware and comply with the regulations، as well as to have enough attention to the soul of regulations، i. e. to minimize the animal use and to promote the quality of life of animal research subjects.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of presbyopia in patients examined in Optometry clinic of Faculty of Rehabilitation of Shahid Beheshti Medical Univessity. Meterials and In this crosse- sectional study، 600 files of the patients examined in the optometry clinic of Rehabilitation Faculty of Shahid Beheshti Medical university in year 2008/2009 were analyzed. Variables included age، sexe، amount and type of refractive errors، presbyopia and health of anterior and posterior eye segment. The patients were divided into two groups: groupe 1، included the pattients ages less than 40 and groupe 2، patients ages 40 years and older. Groupe 2، were divided. The deta were analyzed using X2 and descriptive test. The mean and standard deviation of ages of all the 600 patients'' was 34. 21±21 and for presbyopic patients was 55. 53±10. 9 years. Prevalence of presbyopia in total population was 41% and in population over 40 years، was 92. 5%. From 246 presbyopic patients، 131 cases (53. 3%) were females and 115 cases (46. 7%) were males. There was a significant statistica l difference between the presbyopia patients compared to the other groups (p<0. 0001) but this different between men and women was not significant (p= 0. 23). In this study، the prevalence of presbyopia increased with aging. The prevalence of presbyopia in hypermetropia patients was more than myopic patients.

Bacterial meningitis especially meningococcal meningitis is a serious and sometimes fatal infection. The aim of this study was the determination of meningitis disease by routine and molecular assay s. CSF samples were collected from 275 children and agglutination، bacteriological tests were achieved. DNA extraction was done according to phenol-chlorophorm method and PCR was carried out by the specific primers. The mean age of the patients was 42±2 month. Younges was 11 days and the oldest child was 11 years old. Meningococcal meningitis was more common in the male gender. Totally، Neisseria meningitidis was found in 3 (1. 1%)، 5 (1. 8%) and 10 (3. 6%) by culture، agglutination and PCR assays، respectively. One of the most common etiological agents of meningitis is Neisseria meningitidis in the Azerbaijan state. Molecular diagnosis has higher sensitivity and specifity in comparison to culture and agglutination tests.