Dental Research Journal
Volume:9 Issue: 5, Sep 2012

Systemic antibiotics in conjunction with scaling and root planing (SRP), can offer an additional benefi t over SRP alone in the treatment of periodontitis, in terms of clinical attachment loss (CAL) and pocket depth change, and reduced risk of additional CAL loss. However, antibiotics are not innocuous drugs. Their use should be justifi ed on the basis of a clearly established need and should not be substituted for adequate local treatment. The aim of this review is to discuss the rationale, proper selection, dosage and duration for antibiotic therapy so as to optimize the usefulness of drug therapy.Key Words:

Peri-implantitis is a site-specifi c infectious disease that causes an infl ammatory process in soft tissues, and bone loss around an osseointegrated implant in function. The etiology of the implant infection is conditioned by the status of the tissue surrounding the implant, implant design, degree of roughness, external morphology, and excessive mechanical load. The microorganisms most commonly associated with implant failure are spirochetes and mobile forms of Gram-negative anaerobes, unless the origin is the result of simple mechanical overload. Diagnosis is based on changes of color in the gingiva, bleeding and probing depth of peri-implant pockets, suppuration, X-ray, and gradual loss of bone height around the tooth. Treatment will differ depending upon whether it is a case of peri-implant mucositis or peri-implantitis. The management of implant infection should be focused on the control of infection, the detoxifi cation of the implant surface, and regeneration of the alveolar bone. This review article deals with the various treatment options in the management of peri-implantitis. The article also gives a brief description of the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis of peri-implantitis.

The natural teeth are the most durable organs in the bodies of vertebrates, and humankind’s understanding of their own past and evolution relies heavily upon remnant dental evidence found as fossils. The use of features unique to the human dentition as an aid to personal identifi cation is widely accepted within the forensic fi eld. Comparative dental identifi cations play a major role in identifying the victims of violence, disaster or other mass tragedies. The comparison of ante-mortem and postmortem dental records to determine human identity has long been established. Indeed, it is still a major identifi cation method in criminal investigations, mass disasters, grossly decomposed or traumatized bodies, and in other situations where visual identifi cation is neither possible nor desirable. This article has comprehensively described some of the methods, and additional factors aiding in postmortem person identifi cation.

Cigarette smoking is a worldwide social epidemic and it is one of the main causes of preventable death and disability. Gingivitis, periodontitis, pocket depth, attachment loss, alveolar bone loss, and tooth loss are some of oral pathologies commonly found in cigarette smokers. The aim of this study was to explore, for the fi rst time among Nigerians, the interplay between components of cigarette smoke and salivary levels of immunoglobulin classes so as to provide oral immunological based reasons for oral diseases in cigarette smokers. In this case-control study, 5 mL of unstimulated saliva was collected in plain sample bottles from 24 active smokers who smoke at least 6 sticks of cigarette per day and 21 sex and age-matched non-smokers who were apparently healthy. The samples were spun and supernatant stored at -20°C until assayed. The immunoglobulin levels of the samples were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Student’s t-test (unpaired) was used to determine signifi cant differences between the two groups. P values less than 0.05 was considered signifi cant. No signifi cant differences were observed in the mean salivary levels of IgG, IgA, and IgE. Only IgM was signifi cantly lower in smokers compared with non-smokers (P = 0.038). The proportion of smokers with detectable level of salivary IgE was lower compared with controls. Our study showed that there is decreased salivary IgM in smokers. This observation suggests that reduced salivary immunoglobulin level of IgM might be involved in the pathogenesis of oral diseases in cigarette smokers.

Dental procedures in the maxilla typically require multiple injections and may inadvertently anesthetize facial structures and affect the smile line. To minimize these inconveniences and reduce the number of total injections, a relatively new injection technique has been proposed for maxillary procedures, the anterior and middle superior alveolar (AMSA) nerve block, which achieves pulpal anesthesia from the central incisor to second premolar through palatal approach with a single injection. The purpose of this article is to provide background information on the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerve block and demonstrate its success rates of pulpal anesthesia using the conventional syringe. Thirty Caucasian patients (16 men and 14 women) with an average age of 22 years-old, belonging to the School of Dentistry of Los Andes University, were selected. All the patients received an AMSA nerve block on one side of the maxilla using the conventional syringe, 1 ml of lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:100.000 was injected to all the patients. The AMSA nerve block obtained a 66% anesthetic success in the second premolar, 40% in the fi rst premolar, 60% in the canine, 23.3% in the lateral incisor, and 16.7% in the central incisor. Because of the unpredictable anesthetic success of the experimental teeth and variable anesthesia duration, the technique is disadvantageous for clinical application as the fi rst choice, counting with other techniques that have greater effi cacy in the maxilla. Although, anesthetizing the teeth without numbing the facial muscles may be useful in restorative dentistry.

Sterilization techniques could affect the characteristics of orthodontic wires. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of steam and dry heat sterilization techniques on load-defl ection behavior of fi ve types of β-titanium alloy wires. The samples consisted of 30 straight lengths of fi ve types of β-titanium alloy wires: Titanium Molybdenum Alloy (TMA) Low Friction (TMAL), TMA Low Friction Colored (HONE), Resolve (RES), BetaForce (BETA), and BETA CNA (CNA). Thirty wire segments were divided into three groups of 10. Group 1 was the control group and the group 2 samples were sterilized by dry heat in an oven (60 minutes at 160°C) and group 3 by steam in an autoclave (15 minutes at 121°C). Then all the wire samples underwent a three-point bending test in a testing machine to evaluate loaddefl ection properties. Data was analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and Scheffé’s test (α= 0.05). The results showed that dry heat sterilization signifi cantly increased force levels during both loading and unloading of CNA, BETA and RES and during loading of HONE (P < 0.05). Steam sterilization signifi cantly increased force levels during both loading and unloading of BETA and during unloading of HONE (P < 0.05), with no effects on the load-defl ection characteristics of TMAL, CNA and RES (P > 0.05). It appears dry heat sterilization increases stiffness of RES, BETA, CNA and HONE but autoclave sterilization did not have any effect on load-defl ection characteristics of most of the β-titanium wires tested, indicating that clinicians who want to provide maximum safety for their patients can autoclave TMAL, RES and CNA before applying them.

Endodontic sealers usually come in contact with adjacent tissues and their biocompatibility is key in a successful treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity of three resin-based sealers, namely AH Plus, EndoREZ, and Epiphany in set and fresh states on an L929 cell line. In this in vitro experimental study, the materials were mixed according to the manufacturers’ instructions, and were divided into two groups, fresh and set. The elutes of materials were prepared separately and were incubated with L929 fi broblasts for 1 hour, 24 hours, and 72 hours. Pulp Canal Sealer and Dulbecco’s Modifi ed Eagle Medium (DMEM) served as positive and negative controls respectively. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay ([3-4,5-dimethyl thiazol- 2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide succinate), after 1 hour, 24 hours, and 72 hours. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey multiple comparison test. After 1 hour, fresh Epiphany and fresh AH Plus were signifi cantly more cytotoxic than their set samples. No signifi cant difference was perceived between cytotoxicity of fresh state of sealers and positive control, or between set state and negative control. After 24 hours, both fresh and set samples of all materials were signifi cantly more cytotoxic than the negative control group, and were less cytotoxic than the positive control group. After 72 hours, the fresh and set samples of all materials were as cytotoxic as the positive control group. At each time point, no signifi cant difference was perceived among different materials in terms of cell viability. The observed differences among the cytotoxicity of AH Plus, EndoREZ, and Epiphany did not reach a signifi cant level at comparable time points after exposure.

It has been stated that the bone allografts from different tissue banks may lead to various amount of bone induction, so the aim of this study was to evaluate bone regeneration of three demineralized allografts both histologically and histomorphometrically in rabbits calvaria bone defects. In this double-blind randomized experimental animal study, 32 critical size defects (11-mm diameter) in the calvaria of 16 male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly fi lled with three demineralized freeze-dried bone allografts (DBM, CENOBONE, DEMBONE), while the nongrafted defect was regarded as control group. After 6 and 12 weeks of healing, the experimental animals were euthanized for specimen preparation. After histological evaluation, histomorphometric analysis was performed to quantify new bone formation and remained graft particles. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s ad-hoc test and t-test. (P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically signifi cant). Mean percentage of bone formation increased between two healing time, but it was not statistically signifi cant in all groups except DBM which the bone formation signifi cantly decreased (P = 0.04). There were not statistically signifi cant differences between three allografts in remained particles and bone formation in both healing times and they could not induce signifi cantly more bone formation than control group. Both test and control groups resulted in successful new bone formation. No difference was noted in bone formation and remained particles between three commercial bone allografts. Further studies in this issue may be needed.

The aim of this study was to study the knowledge and attitude of the pediatricians and family physicians on the dental counterpart, i.e. pediatric dentistry and the objective of this study were to determine what can improve the knowledge and attitude on pediatric dentistry and suggest certain methodologies to more participation of physicians in improving oral health. A systematic random survey of 400 pediatricians and 400 family physicians received a questionnaire pertaining to individual details, approach towards pediatric dentistry, knowledge level and the training on oral health received. Most of pediatricians and family physicians acknowledged the importance of pediatric dentistry. Less of pediatricians and more of family physicians predicted the parents may pose a barrier for referral. More number of pediatricians were aware of the oral benefi ts of breast feeding when compared to the family physician. Most of the practitioners in both groups were less aware of the fi rst dental visit including ECC. Acknowledgement of the role in cleft lip and palate was more or less same in both groups of practitioners were as the effect of systemic disease on oral health was recognized by more number of pediatricians. Only a small percentage in both the groups acknowledged the cariogenicity of medicated syrups, which was substantiated by the fact that only a small number of physicians underwent dental training and most of them were accepting to undergo training. When basic medical training is provided in dental school, medical schools can also provide dental training. Dental lectures can also be incorporated into CME programs and recognition of pediatric dentistry by providing referral to needy patients have been suggested.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate surface discoloration of three microhybrid composite resins (Esthet•X HD, Clearfi l AP-X, Gradia Direct) and fi ve nanohybrid composite resins (Ceram•X, GC Kalore, G-aenial, Grandio, GrandioSO), after staining and bleaching procedures. The composite resins were polymerized with a curing light (Celalux II, Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany) into 160 silicon molds (6,4 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness) to obtain identical specimens. Twenty samples for each composite resin were prepared. The specimens were polished using an automated polishing machine with the sequence of 600-, 800-, 1000-grit abrasive paper under water irrigation. The specimens were immersed in tea and distilled water: the specimens were dipped for 20 min, once a day (every 24 h), for 14 days into the drinks. The specimens were then bleached with carbamide peroxide at 17% (Perfect Bleach-Voco). The color of specimens was measured with a spectrophotometer according to the CIE L*a*b* system after light-polymerization of composite resin specimens, after 7 days, after 14 days, and after bleaching. The color difference h index (DEab*) between each measurement was calculated. Statistical analysis was made using analysis of variance (ANOVA). All specimens showed a signifi cant increase in staining with a similar trend and no signifi cant differences between microhybrid and nanohybrid composite resins. After whitening procedures, materials tested showed both signifi cant and unsignifi cant differences of the h index. Microhybrid and nanohybrid composite resins had similar in vitro surface discoloration in tea. After bleaching, discoloration was removed from some composite resins tested.

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) allows mesenchymal cells to repopulate the defects. However, there is limited information regarding the effi cacy of different membranes. The present study was designed to histologically and histomorphometrically compare three collagen membranes in regenerative treatment of dehiscence defects in dogs. This 8 weeks experimental animal study comprised 4 healthy dogs. 5 x 5 mm periodontal dehiscences were created in each side of the mandible (4 dehiscences in each side of dogs’ mandible). In each side, one dehiscence defect was left uncovered as a control site and three other sites were randomly covered with different collagen membranes (Biogide (BG), Biomend (BM), and Cytoplast (CYT)). Histomorphometric and histologic analysis were conducted at 4 and 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Mann-Withney, Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher ’s exact tests (α= 0.05). According to histomorphometric analysis there was a signifi cant difference between treatment and control groups regarding the bone formation and the distance between the reference point and apical end of junctional epithelium (DJE) (P < 0.05). At 4 weeks, the maximum amount of bone thickness and height was observed in BG and CYT respectively, and this maximum rate was seen with the use of BG at 8 weeks. It was shown that DJE reached its highest rate in BM and CYT at 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. Organized PDL was formed in treatment groups. The membrane-treated groups had a statistically signifi cant increase in bone formation and connective tissue attachment compared to control groups. However, there are some differences among experimental groups, which should be considered in GTR treatments.

Diabetes has become the next most widespread disease after cancer. Recent studies have found that diabetes and moderate to severe vitamin D defi ciency are associated with reduced bone mineral content; therefore administration of vitamin D may correct these conditions. The purpose of this research is to compare the effect of vitamin D administration on bone to implant contact in diabetic rats with control group. In this randomized placebo-controlled trial, 48 Wistar rats were rendered diabetic (130≤ blood sugar ≤200 mg/dl) by IV injection of 35 mg/kg Alloxan. Implants were inserted in tibial bone; Then rats were divided into study and control groups and received oral vitamin D3 (160 IU) or placebo respectively for one week. Bone to implant contact value was measured under light microscope at 3 and 6 weeks. Analysis of data indicated that vitamin D had no signifi cant effect on bone to implant contact (BIC). At 3 weeks, the control group (n = 5) reported BIC level at 44 ± 19 and study group (n = 7) at 57 ± 20. At 6 weeks, the control group (n = 5) reported BIC level at 70 ± 29, and study group (n = 10) at 65 ± 22. Twenty one samples were missed because of death or incorrect lab processes. It seems that vitamin D supplement has no signifi cant effect on BIC in 130 mg/dL ≤ blood sugar ≤200 mg/dL (P = 0.703) andwas also not time dependent (P = 0.074).

Composite resin restorations may have a short lifespan due to the degradation of resin–dentin interface. Ethanol wet bonding technique may extend the longevity of resin–dentin bond. The purpose of this one year randomized clinical trial was to compare clinical performance of two adhesives with ethanol wet bonding technique. This randomized clinical trial was performed on 36 non-carious cervical lesions in 12 patients restored with composite resin using one of the following approaches: 1. OptiBond FL (Kerr, USA); 2. Clearfi l SE Bond (Kuraray, Japan) with enamel etching and 3. Ethanol wet bonding technique with the part of adhesive of OptiBond FL. The clinical success rate was assessed after 24 h, 6, 9 and 12 months according to the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria: Marginal discoloration, marginal defect, retention rate, caries occurrence, and postoperative sensitivity. The tooth vitality was also assessed. The retention rate was 100% at baseline and at 6 months follow up for all types of bonding protocols and was 91.67% at 9 and 12 months follow up for ethanol wet bonding group. None of the restorations in three groups showed marginal defects, marginal discoloration or caries occurrence and were vital after 12 months. There was no statistically signifi cant difference between three groups after 12 months follow up (p value = 0.358). Composite restorations placed using ethanol wet bonding technique presented equal performance to the other groups.

The aim of this study was to compare push-out bond strength of a new bioceramic endodontic sealer, EndoSequence BC sealer (Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA), used with gutta-percha in the presence or absence of phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) within the root canals. Forty single-rooted human teeth were prepared and randomly divided into four groups. Samples in groups 1 and 2 were dried, but those in groups 3 and 4 were moistened with PBS before obturation. All root canals were obturated with gutta-percha/EndoSequence BC sealer. The specimens were stored in PBS for 7 days in groups 1 and 3 and for 2 months in groups 2 and 4. Push-out bond strength values and failure modes were evaluated. The data on push-out bond strength were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. The mean value for the bond strength of the obturation material in moistened canals was signifi cantly higher than that in dried ones at 1 week (P = 0.00). Contrarily, there was no signifi cant difference between dried and moistened root canals at 2 months (P = 0.61). In dried canals, bond strength increased signifi cantly with time but in moistened ones, the difference was not signifi cant. Inspection of the specimens revealed the bond failure to be mainly cohesive for all groups. The presence of PBS within the root canals increased the bond strength of EndoSequence BC sealer/gutta-percha at 1 week. However, no difference was found between the bond strength of EndoSequence BC sealer/gutta-percha in the presence or absence of PBS in the root canals at 2 months.

Different methods have been suggested to preserve bone architecture following traumatic events such as teeth extraction. The purpose of the study was to histologically and histomorphometrically evaluate the dental socket healing after applying porous titanium granules (PTG) in dogs. Four healthy male dogs were involved in the present 6-weeks experimental animal study. Three sockets were surgically created in each side of dog’s mandible. One of the sockets in one side was randomly fi lled by PTG and covered by a resorbable membrane (Tigran + membrane group). Another socket was left unfi lled and just covered by the same membrane (membrane group) and the last one was left unfi lled and uncovered as the control group. The dogs were killed at two time intervals (2 weeks and 6 weeks, two dogs at each time point). All samples were histologically evaluated under an optical microscope for a new bone formation. Data were analyzed by SPSS ver. 16 and Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests were used to compare data in different groups (α= 0.05). There was a signifi cant difference between the Tigran + membrane and the control group in 2 and 6 weeks in the mean amount of total regenerated bone (P < 0.05). The mean amounts of woven, lamellar, and total regenerated bone showed signifi cant differences between 2 weeks and 6 weeks for all three groups (P < 0.05). It can be assumed that the use of Tigran bone substitute with membrane can promote the bone regeneration in bone defects.

The optimal position of the condyle in glenoid fossa is a fundamental question in dentistry. There is no quantitative standard for the optimal position of mandibular condyle in the glenoid fossa in our population. The purpose of this study is to assess the position of the condyle by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in patient with normal function of temporomandibular joint (TMJ). In this cross-sectional study, CBCT images of 40 class I skeletal patients (15 males and 25 females) without history of TMJ disorders were selected. Next, the anterior, superior and posterior joint spaces (Ajs, Sjs, Pjs) were measured on the two true central sagittal slices. Then medial (M) and lateral (L) joint spaces on true coronal view were measured in the right and left sides, separately. After that, P/A ratio, S/A ratio and M/L ratio were calculated. Finally, a paired t-test and independent samples t-test were employed for analysis. The centric position of the condyle in glenoid fossa was more common (92.5%) than other positions. Signifi cant differences in Ajs, Sjs, Pjs, Mjs and Ljs values between two sides were observed (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, Sjs showed statistically signifi cant differences between the sexes (P = 0.05). P/A ratio and S/A ratio had signifi cant differences between two sides but not between those sexes. The assessment of joint spaces in right and left sides should be done independently. Overall, the measured joint spaces except Sjs are not different in two sexes. The data from this study could be a useful and comparable reference for the clinical assessment of condylar position in patients with normal functional joints.

Enterococcus faecalis has been widely used as a valuable microbiological pathogen for in vitro studies due to its ability to successfully colonize the root canal in a biofi lm-like style, invade dentinal tubules, and resist endodontic treatment procedures.The aim of this study was to compare the bactericidal effi cacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT), 2% chlorhexidine, 2.5% NaOCl, and combination of PDT and 2.5% NaOCl against E. faecalis. Sixty single-rooted teeth had their canals contaminated with E. faecalis in brain heart infusion broth and were incubated for 48 hours.The canals were then subjected to 2% chlorhexidine, 2.5% NaOCl, PDT (red light emitting diode 625 nm+ Toludine Blue) and PDT + 2.5% NaOCl. Controls consisted of no treatment (positive control) and without inoculation of bacterium (negative control). Following treatment, the canal contents were sampled with sterile paper points. The samples were dispersed in transport medium, serially diluted, and cultured on blood agar to determine the number of colony forming units (CFU). Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test at 5% signifi cance level. The signifi cance level for all analyses was set at P <.05. Combination of PDT and 2.5% NaOCl achieved maximum reduction in recovered viable bacteria, no viable bacteria was observed after treatment of PDT + 2.5% NaOCl. Combination of PDT and 2.5% NaOCl simultaneously is effective in the elimination of E. faecalis from dentinal tubules under the conditions of this study.

To assess the prevalence of malocclusion and to determine the different occlusal characteristics in primary dentition of 4 to 6 years old children in India. The target population comprised 4 to 6 years old children attending different nursery, kindergarten and primary schools of Bagalkot city. Stratifi ed cluster random sampling procedure was executed to collect the representative sample. Each subject was assessed for various occlusal characteristics. Occlusal characteristic found were fl ush terminal plane (52.5%), class I canine relationship (84%), maxillary developmental spaces (35.4%), primate spaces in maxilla (47.6%), mandibular crowding (4.6%), mandibular midline shift (5.6%), anterior multiple tooth crossbite (1.3%), scissors bite (0.6%), anterior open bite (1%), over bite of 0-2 mm (81.6%) and overjet of 0-2 mm (84.5%). The age wise difference for the occlusal characteristics was statistically signifi cant. The data revealed that most of the children had malocclusion. This highlights the importance of identifying children who are in need of orthodontic treatment for dental health or aesthetic reasons.

Since child abuse and neglect are serious conditions which can potentially lead to inappropriate dental health, we conducted this qualitative study to defi ne the factors infl uencing child abuse and neglect, which lead to oro-facial lesions. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted by social services employees. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants to capture a range of experiences such as the physical abuse, sexual abuse, role of family in child abuse, age, and gender. Participants demonstrated a range of perceptions which lead to child abuse including hitting on the head and slapping. Often subsidiary to this view, several factors were mentioned that occasionally infl uenced child abuse. These factors appeared to be idiosyncratic but could be drawn together into three categories: Cultural lacks which includes poverty, cruelty of parents and addiction, psychological disorders, and separation in the family which was seen in most of the children. This study has identifi ed a variety of factors infl uencing the incidence of child abuse. Therefore, dentists should meticulously pay attention to children who have these risk factors in order to discover child abuse events. Quantitative research would reveal the extent of these factors. Dentists’ knowledge of their roles in managing cases suffering from abuse might need to be assessed to see if dentists need further education in this important area.

Chip-off fracture of veneering porcelain has been described as the most frequent reason for the failure of zirconia-based fi xed partial dentures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of two commercial zirconia core ceramics to their corresponding veneering ceramics. Zirconia disks with 7-mm diameter and 3-mm height were prepared (Cercon and Biodenta systems) and veneered with recommended layering ceramics (Cercon ceram and 2 in 1 ceramic, respectively) (n = 10). The disks were polished with diamond paste and airborne-particle abraded before layering. The specimens were mounted in a T-shaped metal holder using autopolymerized acrylic resin and stored in 37°C distilled water for one week, after which they were subjected to thermal cycling. SBS of zirconia core to veneering ceramic was measured using a universal testing machine and failure modes were determined microscopically. Data were analyzed using t test (α< 0.05). Mean (±SD) SBS values were 27.19(±3.43) and 28.22(±4.08) MPa for Cercon and Biodenta systems, respectively, with no signifi cant difference. Biodenta system showed more adhesive failure compared to more combined (adhesive and cohesive) failures in Cercon system. Within the limitations of this study it can be concluded that SBS of Biodenta and Cercon specimens were nearly the same, but the fracture mode of these two systems were different. Since Biodenta fracture pattern was predominantly adhesive, it seems that maybe Biodenta porcelain was stronger than Cercon porcelain where as its adhesive bond was weaker.

Tuberculosis is a chronic, specifi c granulomatous disease and a major cause of death in developing countries. We report a case of tuberculosis presenting fi rst as periodontal loss of tooth support leading to loose teeth and gingival enlargement affecting a 17-year-old female patient without any pulmonary lesion. Diagnosis was based on histopathological examination and positive adenosine deaminase activity Mycobacterium tuberculosis test. The clinical presentation of tuberculosis may take many forms. However, with the decline in numbers, tuberculosis lesions of the oral cavity have become so rare that they are frequently overlooked in the differential diagnosis of oral lesions. Also, this case report emphasizes the need for dental clinicians to be aware of the possibility of tuberculosis presenting fi rst in the oral cavity, and contribute in control of tuberculosis through early detection and referring the patients to physicians for proper treatment.

Talon cusp is a rare developmental anomaly that occurs most commonly on the lingual side of the incisors. Occurrence of the labial talon cusp is rare in the dental literature. Till date only seven cases of isolated nonsyndromic labial talon cusps have been reported in the maxillary permanent dentition. However, a few cases of syndromic labial talon cusps and faciolingual talon cusps have been reported. The aim of our report is to highlight clinical and radiological features of this rare anomaly.

Adenoid cystic carcinomas are deceptive malignancies that show slow growth and local invasion with recurrences seen many years after diagnosis. Upto 50% of these tumors occur in the intraoral minor salivary glands usually in the hard palate. Buccal mucosal tumors are relatively rare. We determined the incidence of buccal mucosal adenoid cystic carcinoma by reviewing the number of reported cases in the literature. This is the fi rst article to analyze the occurrence of adenoid cystic carcinomas in the buccal mucosa through a review of 41 articles. Our review revealed 178 buccal mucosal adenoid cystic carcinomas among a total of 2,280 reported cases. We present a case of adenoid cystic carcinoma occurring in the left buccal mucosa of a 45-year-old female.

Infantile hemiplegia refers to brain injuries that occur before or at birth and lead to hemiplegia/ total paralysis of one side of the body, including the face, arm and leg. The main purpose of this article is to provide valuable information to pediatric dentists about the review and treatment alternatives for patients with infantile hemiplegia. This article reports the case of a 12-year-old girl with a hemiplegia of left side of the body suffering with tooth ache and gum infl ammation. The treatment performed was rehabilitation with oral prophylaxis and extractions of root stumps followed by thorough preventive regimen with periodic check-ups.