Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology
Volume:4 Issue: 1, Winter and Spring 2012

Extracelllar matrix (ECM) materials from mammalian tissues have been broadly used for tissue engineering for animal models. While decellularization of tissues such as bladder, heart valve, knee meniscus and tendon has been performed, there are a few reports for articular cartilage. In This study we aimed to develop a technique to decellularize bovine articular cartilage as a biological construct for cartilage substitution. For this purpose, different decellularization protocols including freeze/thaw cycles followed by treatment with various concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used. Decellularization was analyzed by histological examination including hematoxylin and eosin and picrosirius staining. Treatment with 2%SDS for 5 to 8h followed by 4% SDS for3h hada significant effect on decellularization process with the minimal effect on the collagen contents. On the other hand, Treatment with 1% SDS had no effect on cell removal and use of 8% SDS for 5 to 8 h resulted in complete elimination of cells and significant decrease in cartilage matrix and collagen contents. This study provides a technique to produce acellular ECM derived from articular bovine cartilage whichmay serve as a xenogenicscaffold for cartilage tissue engineering.

Salmonella is still one of the most important pathogens related with food borne outbreaks.This study was designed to examine the combined effects of different levels of pH (7.4, 6.4, and 5.4), acids (acetic, citric and hydrochloric acid), temperatures (35 ˚C and 25 ˚C), and NaCl concentrations (0.5, 3 and 6%, w/v), on growth of Salmonella Typhimurium in brain heart infusion broth. The experiment conducted is triplicate. Growth was monitored byvisible turbidity over a 30-day period.To evaluate effects of explanatory variable on time to detect (TTD) the bacterial growth, parametric survival models based on the weibull distribution was used. According to our results, the growth of S.Typhimurium was affected significantly(P)

Myiasis is a common veterinary entomology problem in many slaughterhouses in the tropics.The prevalence of myiasis among slaughtered cattlewas investigated in Kashan Abattoir, central Iran, in 2009. All kinds of dipterous larvae that may cause myiasis were collected and identified.Thenthe prevalence of each infestation was analyzed by statistical tests. The results of the study revealed a total of 4 species of dipterous larvae belonged to two families of Sarcophagidae and Oestridae. The identified species were the following ones: Family Oestridae: Hypodermalineatum (61.4%), Hypodermaovis (12.6%), Oestrusovis (22.7%) and Family Sarcophagidae: Wohlfahrtiamagnifica (3.8%).Of the 7736 examined animals, 2.5% of goats and 0.5% of sheep were infested by any kinds of dipterous larvae. Statistical comparisons were made between the sex of host species and occurrence of myiasis, infested animals and species of larvae, the infested body parts of the host, and finally between the prevalence and origin of the cattle. Statistically the possibility of infestation of goats was 1.43 times more than sheep (odds ratio=1.43). These findingscan be considered by officials to keep the human and animal myiasis under control. There is also need to investigate the prevalence and incidence of animal myiasis in other parts of the country to clarify the spread of infestation in the country and in the region.

Avian Intestinal Spirochaetosis (AIS) is an intestinal infection caused by anaerobic spirochaetes of the genus Brachyspira, including B.pilosocoli. The purpose of this study was isolation and identification of B.pilosocoli from laying hen flocks, located in Mashhad suburb, KhorasanRazavi province, Iran, and investigating the frequency of the infection. One hundred and eighty cloacal swab samples from 18 randomly selected flocks (10 samples/flock) were cultured anaerobically on selective agar and confirmed as intestinal spirochaete by itsspirichaetal form using phase contrast microscopy. Then, the samples were subjected to PCR amplification followed by DNA sequencing. A total of 24 samples from 8 flocks were selected as suspected cases by culture and phase contrast microscopy. Upon PCR amplification by specific primers, only 9 cultures belonged to 3 flocks appeared to be B.pilosicoli. Sequence analysis of the amplicons confirmed the identity of all isolated ones. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that B.pilosicoli might be strongly involved in AIS among laying hen flocks of this geographical region. The results could also be considered as an indicator for large scale investigation into the true prevalence of the infection. This study is the first report of infection in laying hens flocks of Iran.

The present study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of canine leishmaniasis in a population of owned and strayed dogs in Mashhad, north-east Iran. Of 300 serum samples obtained from dogs, 8.67% (26/300) were positive for Leishmaniainfantum by Indirect Florcense Antibody Test (IFAT). The sero-prevalence rates in owned and stray dogs were 9.5% (19/200) and 7% (7/100) respectively. Significant differenceswere observed between the age groups (P < 0.05); dogs less than one year old showed the highest seroprevalence rate (17.4 %). The seroprevalence rate for leishmania infection in male and female dogs were 10.43 % (17/163) and 6.57% (9/137) respectively. In addition, the seroprevalence rate for leishmania infection in small and large breeds of dogs were 10.5% (6/57) and 8.2% (29/243) respectively. No significant difference was found between sex and breed of the studied dogs. The number of lymphocytes were significantly higher in the leishmania-infected dogs than dogs which were not infected (P)

Lead poisoning associated to residuals of batteries recycling was diagnosed in a small herd of Holstein cattle. In this outbreak, 10 animals showed clinical signs of lead poisoning, 5 dead and others saved after chelating therapy with CaNa2EDTA.Mean blood lead level of clinically intoxicated cattle was 0.624 ± 0.388ppm and the levels varied between 0.320 and 1.300 ppm. Blood and milk lead levels of 9 exposed but unaffected cattle ranged 0.250 to 0.590 and 0.060 to 0.290 ppm respectively. Although blood and milk lead levels of those cattle sharply decreased after removal of lead source, some of them showed higher than acceptable levels when samples analyzed 60 days later.Products of all lead exposed cattle may not be safe for human consumption for several weeks and analysis should be performed to ensure their safety.

A 2- year- old male, intact domestic short hair cat was referred to the Veterinary Clinic of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad with a history of inappetence, vomiting, dysuria,stranguria, depression and continuous urine leakage from the skin injury in perineal region. After physical examinations, temperature, pulse and capillary refill time (CRT)???were decreased and pale mucosal membranes and dehydration were observed. Palpation of the abdominalregion was painful and kidneys were enlarged.Penis was not present in its normal anatomical position.In biochemical analysis, significant rise in BUN (urea nitrogen) and creatinin were noticed.In abdominal radiographs and ultrasonography evaluations distention of the urinary bladder and blockage in urinary tract were identified. According tothese resultspresence of an obstruction was confirmed in the penile urethra, and consequently, perinealurethrostomy (PU) was performed for correction of obstruction and renewed urine outflow. Normal urination established in our patient after PU surgery and common postsurgery complications did not occurred.

Mycoplasma is an important respiratory tract pathogen worldwide, causing respiratory tract infection in small ruminants (sheep and goats). It is a bacterium that causes acute respiratory illness ranging in severity from mild respiratory illness to severe pneumonia. Mycoplasmosis in small ruminants is a serious and major problem in Iran. This study was determined to isolate Mycoplasma species and detect antibacterial effect of Oxytetracycline, Tylosine, Chloramphenicole, Erythromycine, Enrofloxacin and Florfenocole on respiratory Mycoplasma subsp in small ruminantes by Macro culture technique. As, there is no an effective vaccine against Mycoplasma disease, treatment and controlling is mainly by chemotherapy. Basically, it was approved that uncontrolled usage of antimicrobial elements has caused the development of antimicrobial resistance. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showe some Mycoplsma species –specific differences, with M.capricolum subsp. It was more susceptible to erythromycine and Tylosine, while Florfeniclole and Chloramphenocole were the least effective for all three Mycoplasma species. It is observed that there was not any significant difference in antimicrobial susceptibility between goat and sheep isolates or between isolate from different regions in affected province. Results showed that some isolates of M.capricolum.and M. putrefaciens had minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) level with Oxytetracyclin as was the same with two isolates of M.mycoides subsp. mycoides LC with Tylosine. It seems resistance factor against antimicrobials is involved.

Mastitis in cattle is a serious problem which causes considerable economic losses in the dairy cattle herds. The aim of this survey was to identify mycoflorain milk of healthy, clinical and subclinical mastitis of lactating Holstein dairy cows. Milk samples of 154 Holstein dairy cows were collected from 10 dairy cattle herds in suburb of Mashhad-Iran. The treatment groups included 104 lactating dairy cows with clinical (38, 25%) and subclinical (66, 43%) mastitis. Fifty (32%) healthy dairy cows were included as control, as well. Different fungals were isolated from cows with clinical (14%), subclinical (18%) mastitis and healthy animals (15%). There were no significant differences between treatment and control groups (P>0.05). It was shown that milk samples of cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis were infected with 5 different fungal agents. However, milk samples of healthy cows also were contaminated with 5 kinds of fungal agents. Yeast (26%) and Aspergillus (A)fumigatus (18%) were the most common isolated agents. It is concluded that fungal infections (mainly A.) and yeast can occur in mammary glands of lactating Holstein dairy cows with or without mastitis.

The harmful effects of many chemical food preservatives are well established, so this has triggered interest in natural methods of preservation. Monolaurin, a monoester of lauric acid, founds naturally in some foods and has various antiviral and antibacterial activities. Evaluation of the effects of monolaurin separately and in combination with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter culture on growth of vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus ATCC11778 in manufactured cheeses was the purpose of this research. In this study, the number of B. cereus in four groups of cheese (C1: without starter culture and monolaurin, T1: without starter culture; with monolaurin, C2: with starter culture; without monolaurin, T2: with starter culture and monolaurin) was counted on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 of manufacture. In T1 group, monolaurinin concentrations of 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 ppm decreased the number of B. cereus by 1.2, 2.1, 3 and 3.4 logs, respectively in comparison with C1 group. InT2 group with the same concentrations of monolaurin, the number of B. cereus in comparison with C2 group was not significantly affected (p>0.05). In C2 group, starter culture decreased the number of B. cereus by 2.9 logs in comparison with C1 group. In contrary, the combination of starter culture with monolaurin in T2 group increased the number of B. cereus by 0.6 logs in comparison with C2 group. Furthermore, in C2 and T2 groups by increasing the storage time, the number of B. cereus decreased. According to these results, it can be concluded that in cheese samples of T1 group, monolaurin separately showed the inhibitory effects on the growth of B. cereus cells while in cheese samples of T2 group, the combination of monolaurin with starter culture did not demonstrate the synergistic inhibitory effects on the growth of this bacterium. Therefore, simultaneous use of monolaurin with starter culture is not recommended for improving the microbial shelf-life of Iranian white fresh cheese.