مجله رهیافت های سیاسی و بین المللی
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 29، بهار 1391)

Soft power is a term in international relations theory to describe the ability of a political category like government. The ability that directly affects the behavior or interests of other political organizations through cultural and ideological practices. The concept of soft power can be compared with hard power that historically is considered as national powers, realistic and dominant criteria, and it’s measurement indicators are quantitative that includes issues like population or GDP, and military asset. While soft power components are beyond and includes: culture, values, foreign policy and scientific and technological products. Public diplomacy is among the most important components of soft power that is combination of these 4 factors: culture, economy, science and technology. In fact, public policy includes a range of key programs such as exchanges, program and information broadcasting activities and cultural affairs that is presented to international audience and informs them about government plans. In this paper, the authors examine the impact of Iran’s public diplomacy’s soft power in foreign policy and seek to express the components of soft power in this scene.

In Ilkhanian era, despite Moghol’s invasion and Islamic territories damage and Abbasi’s collapse, with constitution of Ilkhanian in Iran and renewed political order and some Ilkhan authorities’ trend to Islam, the sword era finished, culture and writing raised and Shiites’ thinkers tried to represent Islamic thoughts in different political and social fields and compile valuable works in the field of conceptual and narrative knowledge. It resulted in massive Shiite’s presence in different cultural and social arena and compiling the diplomatic theory due to Shiite’s Imamat regime and preparation of a path for Shiite’s diplomatic theories fulfillment in next eras especially Safavieh. In this article, by studding Shiite’s philosophers social-diplomatic situation and their thoughts tradition and analyzing philosophic sources of them in Ilkhanian arena, the answer to this question: What is the nature of Shiite’s philosophers in this arena? is that in this time, political philosophy of Shiite’s thinkers integrates with social-diplomatic fields and philosophic tradition of Shiite’s philosophers and with renewing of diplomatic thought due to Shiite’s Imamat theory has prepared the situation for fulfillment of Shiite’s diplomatic theories in next arena.

It is natural and rational that for facing any classical Greek political text, we have to acquire some primary knowledge. In this context, we introduce this knowledge under the title of warp and woof. Primarily and usually, we have a printed and published text of “Politeia” that is edited by an editor according to the general and specific rules for editing Greek texts. Originally and historically, this text is a combination of oral and written language with more weight of the oral. The overall structure of this combination is dialogue that is a division of characters and speeches by them. Thus, it is not permissible to reduce or ignore dia – and take the general form as a book, treatise, pamphlet, and the like. Besides, we can discern the interplay of different styles and substructures (such as conversation, question /answer, and monologue) withinthis overall structure that are intertwined with each other.

John Rawls’s “A Theory of Justice” is one of the most important books on political philosophy of justice written in the twentieth century that revolutionized the study of literature. The book caused fundamental changes not only in theory, but also in practice. Undoubtedly, this theory has left a great impact on the western systems of social justice and their tendency to distributive justice in the form of welfare state in the second half of the twentieth century. Rawls’s theory is considered as an attempt to improve the chaotic situation in the social welfare functions of western nations after World War II, although theoretically it is unique. Despite all the benefits provided, Rawls’s thought has been often seriously criticized for its deep epistemological and idealistic approach. Hence, Rawls accepts the deficiencies of its idealistic theory in the late twentieth century, and by publishing “The political Liberalism”, he modifies the theory in order to achieve political realism and tends to some entitlement justice. With a brief review of Rawls’s theory of justice, the paper attempts to present a realistic picture of such Rawls’s turn.

History of political philosophy always pays attention to relation between theory and action; the issue that has been controversial for long time. This study tries to find out which one of these two issues can help the human society to find the best way toward happiness and peace. The major approaches in this field are reviewed at the beginning of this paper. In fact, this study tries to examine the diverse opinions of great scholars about relation between theory and action. In addition to that, this paper tries to introduce the best approach between theory and action. Our hypothesis is that the approach which emphasis on interaction between theory and action is the best approach, because this approach can prepare essential condition for humanity communication, thinking and global peace. Descriptive and analytical methods have been used in this research.

The concept of “in” or “with” the view that the tradition has been implicated, Two approaches that try to be part of the reality show. Perspective “in” Tradition is tradition on this thing happen and have happened, That is, they always happen to be in history. Second, man is always born of tradition, in this case, the carriers of tradition, a storyteller will be reduced. But the point of view “with” tradition claims that the traditions are so constructed and not happened. On the other hand, if consciously and deliberately by those traditions are invented and falsified. Here, the important and constructive role in building the carriers is considered. However, what is the logic of these two views is this or that, logically leading to domination a perspective view and the other is eliminated. In contrast, the inquiry is going forward to the analysis of these two attitudes in the tradition on will be a tradition as the “narrative” is considered to ensure that the previous two, this narrative that its logic is this and that. However, such a view to the tradition based on the “critical reason” is an element that has not been much attention in the two views. Hence, The result that the tradition as narrative nothing but “criticism” instead of “commitment” and “dialogue” instead of “monologue”.

After defining the concepts of hegemony, counter-hegemony, intellectuals, zeitgeist, marginal groups and public diplomacy fromthe cultural studies approach, the author examines the possibility of hegemony and seizing power by marginal discourses. According to the author’s argumentation, this possibility depends on the strategies adopted by the marginal organic intellectuals. Therefore, the concept of free subjects who plan strategies within power relations is of importance. But seizing power by marginal discourses does not necessarily culminate in revolution as an emancipation action but in populism; the reason of which is the lack of civil institutions in pre-revolutionary condition.