مجله اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی
سال بیست و ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 17، زمستان 1391)

In this study, first we evaluate the total amount of support for domestic cotton (AMS) for the years 1988 to 1999. Then, using time series data for the study years, translog cost function was constrained. Having calculated the price elasticity of demand for farm inputs, farmers’ reactions to price changes due to the price liberalization were identified. The results of study showed that in the whole period of the free exchange rate, production of the cotton crop has been supported. In the year 1992 and between the years 1999 to 2001 the production of cotton has not been supported and the farmers had to pay a hidden tax. Price elasticity for the inputs including fertilizer, seeds, and water were estimated -0.342, -0.72, and -0.754, respectively. This shows that for every one percent increase in the price liberation, the input decreased less than one percent. The price elasticity for the pesticide input was equal to: -7.614 which presents a significant reduction in the use of pesticide due to the price increase that resulted from liberalization. Ultimately, we suggest that implementing better breeding, farming methods and technologies provides an effective circumstance for domestic producers to compete with their foreign counterparts. Furthermore, the study suggests that due to the high price elasticity of demand for pesticides,, the prices move gradually up with the promotion of biological control of pests and diseases in order to reduce the consumption of poison.

Currently, the land amalgamation has important role in agricultural and under pressure irrigation development. Agricultural land amalgamation programs were introduced to farmers of Kabutarahangh county since 1990; however, the adoption process has not been successful. For instance, after a decade, only 30 percent of the irrigated lands has been adopted. Accordingly, the aim of the study was to identify effecting factors on land amalgamation adoption in the county of Hamedan province. According to the results of this study, relevant authorities can implement effective strategies to accelerate the process of land amalgamation. Using Cochran formula, the sample size was calculated. Using multiple-stage cluster sampling, 160 farmers from six villages in three counties were selected. The validity of questionnaire was investigated by a committee of experts. After the pre-test, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated. The results showed that the research tool was consistent. Because of the nominal scale of dependent variable (acceptance and rejection), the logit regression model was used to examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Estimated Logit regression model indicated that the following variablesincluding the amount of agricultural land, farmer's income, membership on agricultural organization, consulting with extension experts, agricultural background and the land's pieces have significant effects on adoption of land amalgamation by Kabutarahang farmers.

Climate change phenomenon is an important environmental challenge of the world. Increasing extension of greenhouse gases and remote relationship phenomena accelerate the speed f climate change. Changes in precipitation level, drought occurrence and changes in the level of surface and groundwater resources are the recognized consequences of climate change. In order to study consequences of climate change on agricultural production in Shiraz County, three well rings in Shiraz plain were selected. Mean statistics of water level in wells were regressed on the year during 1978-2008. Using annual statistic of precipitation during 1958-2008 and standard precipitation index (SPI), the probability of dry year incidence was determined. Effects of 5 pumping scenarios with consideration to the probability of dry year incidence were assessed, using two-stage stochastic programming. Results showed that water levels at the desired level of agricultural wells has significant decrease 0.4 percent (p=0.034). The long-run loss of income and farm income under the mild climate change and dry years were 4.5 and 6.4 percent. The short-term loss of income and agricultural income in the same scenarios were estimated from 54 and 30 percent to 74 and 85 percent, respectively. Agricultural water use in the short and long term was estimated less than the status quo. Reduction in water use leads to reduction in yield and farm income in the study area, however, prevents the long-term damages to crop production levels and underground water resources. Ultimately, implementing policies to improve farmer's incentives to sustainable use of water resources are recommended.

Climate change phenomenon is an important environmental challenge of the world that has increased its speed with the increasing extension of greenhouse gases and remote relationship phenomena. Changes in precipitation level, drought occurrence and in the level of surface and groundwater resources are the recognized consequences of climate change. In order to study climate change phenomenon consequences on agricultural production in Shiraz County, three wells rings in Shiraz plain were selected. Mean statistics of water level in wells were regressed on the year during 1978-2008. Using annual statistic of precipitation during 1958-2008 and standard precipitation index (SPI), the probability of dry year incidence determined. Effects of 5 pumping scenario in 3 states of nature was assessed using two-stage stochastic programming. Results showed that water levels at the desired level of agricultural wells has significant decrease 0.4 percent (p=0.034). The long-run loss of income and farm income under the mild climate change and dry years was 4.5 and 6.4 percent. The short-term loss of income and agricultural income in the same scenarios were estimated from 54 and 30 percent to 74 and 85 percent, respectively. Agricultural water use in the short and long term was estimated less than the status quo. Reduction in water use will lead to reduction in yield and farm income in the performance area, however, will prevent the long-term damages to crop production levels and underground water resources. Finally, taking support policies to increase farmer's incentives in appropriate use of water resources is recommended.

Considerable consequence of households’ consumption expenditure changes is on energy using in agricultural sector and in other economical sectors. The main objective of this paper was to study of consequences increasing rural and urban households expenditures on changing of energy using in agricultural sector and on producing of environmental pollutants in Khorasan Razavi province. For this purpose, we used input-output tables of 2001 as a base data which was updated for 2007 in Khorasan Razavi province by using RAS method. In this paper, the consequences of increasing household's expenditure on energy using and also producing of environmental pollutants were studied in 6 scenarios. The results showed that in constant conditions, 10% increase in urban households’ expenditure causes 2.74% increase in energy using in agricultural sectors and also causes 7.32% increase in energy using in other sectors. While 10% increase in rural households’ expenditure causes 0.921% increase in energy using in agricultural sectors and causes 2.12% increase in energy using in other sectors. Also in constant conditions, 10% increase in urban households’ expenditure cause 1.07% increase in energy using in agricultural sector and also causes 0.02% increase in energy using in other sectors, while about rural households 10% increase in consumption’s expenditure causes 0.43% increase in energy consumption in agricultural sector and causes 0.04% increase in other sectors. The results showed that the consequences of changing of urban household expenditure on energy using in agricultural sector is more than the consequences of changing of rural households’ expenditure. Also the increase of households’ expenditure about agricultural products has little effects on total energy using of province. The results also showed the effect of increasing province households’ expenditure on increasing of producing CO2 pollutant; that the increasing of CO2 pollutant was considerably more than increasing of other pollutants. Producing of SO3 and CH4 were little; that referred to energy using systems in agricultural sector.

Energy is considered as an important input for agricultural products. A decrease in energy subsidy and its demand reduces agricultural outputs and raises the production costs. Changes in production and costs may significantly affect welfare of the agricultural producers. The main objective of this study was to analyze the impact of increased energy prices (reduction in the subsidy) on the agricultural producers as well as the government expenditure. In order to achieve the objective, production factor demands (labor, capital and energy) were estimated. Then, impact of increased energy price (decrease in subsidy) on its demand was analyzed. Using production function, the impact of decreased energy consumption on agriculture production was estimated. Using the demand function for agricultural products, the impact of decreased energy consumption on the agricultural prices was estimated. The study groups to analyze the welfare were agricultural producers and the government. The welfare impact of reduced energy subsidy includes a change in the production value, in the production costs and the government expenditure allocated to the energy subsidy in the agricultural sector. The results showed that for the short run an increase in energy prices raised energy cost, however the total production costs tended to decrease due to robust reduction in the agricultural production. Increased energy price results in an increase in the production prices which is beyond the decrease in the production and the decrease in the government expenditure. In the long run, increase in the energy costs and decrease in the government expenditure tended to progress rapidly. However, in the long run compared with the short run, due to the increased production and the decrease in the output price a lower increase in the production value occurs. The welfare analysis showed an increase in the welfare of the study groups, however, that was more considerable in the short run compared with the long run. Supporting the agricultural producers with credit facilities and technology improvement were suggested as the effective policies.

During recent years the concept of farmer empowerment has been considered as an important part of many development organizations’ and NGOs’ policies for supporting agricultural and rural development. The overall goal of this study was modeling the farmers’ psychological empowerment indicators in Mazandaran province, Iran. To achieve this goal, farmers’ psychological empowerment indicators and affecting factors on farmers’ empowerment were identified in Mazandaran province. The statistical population included 1368233 farmers living in the Mazandaran province, Iran. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula. Stratified sampling with proportional allocation was used in this study. Research methodology applied in this study was a combination of descriptive-analytical and quantitative methods. To run the appropriate analyses, SPSS and LISREL softwares were employed. Cronbach’s alpha and ordinal theta were 0.91 and 0.91 respectively. The mean of farmers’ age and their farming experiences were respectively 49.31 and 25.58 years. 22 percent of farmers’ psychological empowerment variance was determined through four factors of farmers’ loan sources, solutions (positive factors), training methods and obstacles. The bank was found the primary source of loan fund for farmers. Among the solutions (positive factors), providing credits and loans to farmers was the most important in the farmers’ psychological empowerment in Mazandaran province. Low literacy level was found the main obstacle in empowering farmers. Participating in farmer field school was found the most useful method to empower the farmers.

This study investigates the effects of two policies of reducing profit rate and increasing supply of credits on the growth of production in the economic sectors in Iran. To achieve the goal, the ORANI-G computable general equilibrium model was modified tothe present situation of Iranian economy. The model was also extended to accommodate the financial sector of the economy. To use the CGE model, a financial social accounting matrix based on the latest input-output table published by Statistical Center of Iran in the year 2001 was developed. Using the developed model, two scenarios were simulated. Simulation results of reducing interest rate of credits supplied to the sectors showed that the effects of this scenario on expansion of economic sectors is higher than the impact of the second scenario in the form of increasing supply of credits. This increased the real GDP growth rateby almost twice (1.2% versus 0.6%) of that in the second scenario. furthermore, the total exports experienced positive growth in the first scenario while it faced the negative growth in the second one. Additionally, a reduction in the profit rate of credits reduced prices of commodities and services, which in turns increased the inflation rate by 0.53 percent. However, increase in supply of credits led to an increase in the prices of commodities and services. This caused a rise in inflation rate by 0.04 percent. Increase in supply of credits, however, caused an increase in fixed capital formation in the economy by 1.6 times comparing to the profit rates reduction scenario. These results revealed that there is a compromise between these two policies with respect to their effects on the economy. Based on the goals and priorities of policymakers, one of the policies might be preferred to the other one.