فصلنامه پدافند غیرعامل
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 11، پاییز 1391)

The discussion of passive defense especially its application in geopolitics and urban development has a long history. The proof of this claim can be traced in Islam early wars (i,e. Salman Farsi) and defensive measures such as digging moats, making a fort and making citadels in ancient Iran, as well, but regarding the technological advancements and fundamental changes in military weapons, it is undoubtedly necessary to apply modern passive defense measures in reducing damages and fatalities of modern wars especially in cities. Iran as an independent international player, having ideological objectives such as religious democracy, authoritarianism(seeking dignity), anti-hegemony, preserving territorial integrity, political independence, pattern of local development, power creating, recreating power, creating civilization, spiritual civilization, imperial basis created by the Great koroush and due to its location in the Middle East and unique positions it holds in terms of geopolitics, geostrategy, geoeconomy, geoculture, geomedia with an experience of thousand years pioneering global civilization, geo-ideology, hydropolitics, aerostrategy and global responsibility, is feared and threatened by global hegemony headed by the US and the Zionist Regime of Israel. This research is of applied nature and the variables to be studied include identification of vital, sensitive and important locations in Shahriar to reduce damages inflicted by an enemy attack and to enhance defensive power and the national resistance threshold intended for defensive urban development and a powerful town. The information collection method is primarily of library basis and regarding this research, field studies(interviews) have been implemented, as well. In this essay, we have made use of the matrix method to study the compatibility of Shahriar urban system with the principles of passive defense which deals with the identification of Shahriar Administrative Town and the consequences of concentration of more than 40 centers in this town. The results of the research show the lack of implementing the principles of passive defense in Shahriar Administrative Town.

One of the advances made on distributed networks and web sites in the recent years is introducing web services as independent software parameters. Web services are capable of being advertised, placed in a location and utilized in the web site based on standards such as WSDL, UDDI Á SOAP. The ultimate aim of the web service technology is to enable the utilization of the web service's capabilities in service-based organizations as independent elements. Therefore, a service-based web provides an attractive sample and example for future interactions in a wide range of e-business to escience and even e-government. In this regard, considering different security aspects of web services, the issue of trust management in the user's interactions with the service-based domains is of special importance. In the systems which are based on trust and authentication, reliable counterparts are used for information exchange and interactions. This matter causes the reduction of destructive transmissions in the systems. Giving special attention to the security aspects of trust management and its challenges can help us in improving and developing interactions and development of e-business in the distributed networks. In this essay, while providing a general introduction of the web services, the definition of the principles of trust and security in this domain and the challenges they face are also provided.

One of the principles of passive defense is the timely detection of the enemy's intrusion to a country's perimeter. Sensors are used as one of the necessary means of identifying and detecting the enemy's intrusion and attack. All sensors need operating systems to identify and detect and do their tasks in military, sensitive and defense applications. Architecture, implementation model, reprogramming, timing and energy management are the important features of operating systems which are effective in the selection of operating systems for sensor networks in military applications. In this essay, we introduce the features of operating systems of sensor networks. We intend to select the best operating systems for sensors used in military centers. Then we review and categorize some of the operating systems of sensor networks such as MantisOS, TinyOS, Contiki, Nano-RK, SOS, Bertha, CORMOS, EYES/PEEROS based on these features. In the end we introduce the Nano-RK operating system considering the characteristics of sensitive military activities as an option for these sensors.

One of the main development criteria in each country is the growth of national or sub-national electronic systems of management and control. Preserving information security and trust in untrustedaccess to such networks, is one of the main purposes of passive defense. One of the most common samples of such networks is E-banking where providing the user’s information security is a very essential goal. Since the authentication protocols are crucial in any electronic system, they perform a very important role in providing secure communication. In this paper, while introducing a password-based mutual authentication protocol, we will demonstrate that such a protocol is applicable in smart card technology. Also we will show that the proposed scheme regarding resistance to common attacks, has better behavior in the view of both security and performance requirements.

Today, we see the effects of using software systems in speed and accuracy of processes. Every intrusion in software systems, has irrevocable loss. The security traditional methods can not defend against intrusions, and using intrusion tolerance techniques is necessary and acceptable. For software intrusion tolerance, security traditional approach and fault tolerant techniques are useful. Using intrusion tolerant techniques are means that provide continuity of predicted software system services even at the presence of intrusion. Determining the effective parameters in intrusion tolerance and the scope of impacts of each of these parameters are considered an effective step towards producing software systems which are not accessible to designers. In this paper, we exploit intrusion tolerant software systems architecture as SCIT, MAFTIA, SITAR and their components. Our methods exploit intrusion tolerant components that are useful for software developers.

Metamaterials are artificial composites that acquire their electromagnetic properties from embedded subwavelength metallic structures. In theory, the effective electromagnetic properties of metamaterials at any frequency can be engineered to take on arbitrary values, including those not appearing in nature. As a result, this new class of materials can dramatically add a degree of freedom to the control of electromagnetic waves and open new vistas in military camouflage and offer the possibility of target's perfect cloacking. In this paper, we firstly introduce active and passive metamaterials and then we simulate them with arbitrary shapes.

With increasing cyber network services that have real-time characteristics, ensuring the timely and accurate dissemination of information packets to its destination, has become a matter of interest and importance. Reducing vulnerability, persistence and impermeability in electronic management and control of network activity (military and civilian), avoiding the traffic and establishing safety in cyberspace, are of high interest in Passive Defense in the area of information technology. Information and Data packets routing in large networks, if not optimal, can lead to traffic, congestion and disability of all or part of the network services. Traffic and network congestion can be based on actual needs of users or by an attacker or malicious person, to disable all or part of the network. In this paper, we firstly consider the service quality and its criteria, and we try to introduce important routing algorithms in large networks and the Internet, special attention is also given in terms of routing parameters. Then by simulating them in network software (i. e. OPNET), we compare metric routing algorithms and introduce an optimal mix of work for traffic engineering and network service quality.