فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 40 (زمستان 1391)

Human life's qualification has been changed and improved by the enhancement of the human knowledge. However, this growth and development have not been equal in all parts of human habitats. As the results of this situation many different social sections have been formed containing different economic qualities such as developed provinces in national level or developed and developing countries in international level. To manage this socio-economic condition, it is very important to have correct information about economic quality for development plans and the reduction of economic inequities. In this research socio-economic qualification of west Azerbaijan province was studied by GIS spatial analysis and Multi-criteria Decision Making (MCDM). The availability of GIS and multi-criteria decision analysis methods allows combining knowledge derived from different sources to support socio-economic planning and management. Methods such as fuzzy AHP and MCDM have been employed with success to model the socio-economic evaluation techniques but these methods still are not used in many developing countries such as Iran. The main objective of this research is to introduce GIS as a powerful technology in socio-economic development studies. For this to happen, socio- economic indexes are prepared in raster map format in the GIS environment. In the next step all of these GIS dataset layers, stored in Geo-database and have been standardized by Fuzzy logic model. Pixel value of these raster dataset layers were then calculated from 100 percent on the basis of some ingredient indexes such as area, density and population. In the next step Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was used to generate standard weights for weighted overly and consistency ratio was calculated equal to 0.02. Finally spatial distribution of socio- economic parameters was evaluated in counties of west Azerbaijan province by multi-criteria decision making including Bolin logic, WLC, SAW and AHP. Result of this research showed that counties in west Azerbaijan province have different quality of socio-economic development level and all of them can be divided into 5 classes including Urmia at first class, and Khoy at the second class of economic quality. Also Oshnaveih and Chaldran were at last class of economic developing quality. Other counties have been midway and in under level of economic development.

Central Asia is one of the regions in geopolitical realm of Islamic republic of Iran. The region includes five Muslim Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan races. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the geopolitical plan was compiled. Formation of this geopolitical region in north eastern Iran, possessing marine-land long borders with countries of this region along with some domestic and international opportunities brought up challenges against Iranian foreign diplomacy and policy. Among these opportunities and challenges there are two cases which seem to be more important due to geographical nature of its strength and the country’s stability. These factors can identify a suitable field to design and the efficient strategies to be planned for this region. In this article, effort has been done on the investigation of effective geopolitical factors in Iran in relation to central Asian countries which are classified on the basis of opportunity and threat factors in the futures.

Commonly almost in many research cases in which meteorological data is required; the interpolation reconstruction have been used, because of lack or limitation of meteorological stations in the whole study area. The main object of present research is evaluation of different interpolation methods to prepare rainfall map of Esfahan province. We used normal rainfall data of province and regression, IDW, Spiline, Kriging methods. We used RMSE for determination of the best method rainfall Interpolation with comparing real and estimated data. The results show that the elevation has the lowest and the Kriging has the highest error in rainfall maps.

The aim of this paper is climatic classification of Khuzestan province. For this purpose, we first used eleven-variable relationships of humidity, temperature and precipitation in synoptic stations of the study area. Then we formed a matrix with the dimention of 13*11 applying Kriging method for convert matrix dimention (616*11) and also for principal component analysis and cluster analysis inputs. In this research the principal component analysis was used for understanding the component details and the cluster analysis was applied for the climatic classification. The results show that there are five climatic region and four components in Khuzestan province. Climatic variety conditions and regional settingsd indicate that this province is near the sea and dry regions of Iraq and Saudi Arabian countries that extensively expand toward the heights of Zagros Mountains.

The purpose of this article is comparative–analytic survey of relative advantages and inequality of employment between urban regions of Khorasan Razavi and urban regions of Iran. The main question is that which activities in economic sectors and subsectors of these regions are basic or nonbasic? With attention to geographical different conditions of these regions, relative advantages of those are similar or different? The methodology of this research is a descriptive-analytic approach and in the gathering of data, mainly have used from second data analysis (documentary) method. And also in the stage of data analysis, base economic model, location quotient technic and Williamson and coefficient of variation inequality indexes are used. Research findings indicated that agriculture sector in 70 percent of urban regions of Iran and 82 percent of urban regions of Khorasan Razavi have had relative advantage. In industry sector, relative advantage of urban regions of Iran is upper than urban regions of Khorasan Razavi (%36.7 versus %23.5). But in service sector, relative advantage of urban regions of Khorasan Razavi is upper than urban regions of Iran (%64.7 versus %50). In indeterminate and nonprofess sector, relative advantages of urban regions of Khorasan Razavi is upper than urban regions of Iran (%41 versus %20).dominance of activities in this sector shows that formal sectors in this urban regions don’t have ability to attract the employments. Analysis of inequality of employment also indicated that firstly, total inequality in urban regions of Iran is very more than urban regions of Khorasan Razavi. Secondly, the trend of inequalities between two decades both in urban regions of Iran and urban regions of Khorasan Razavi intensified.

Urban damaged area has been created on the basis of urban patterns and socio-economic conditions of residents and environmental characteristics, but these fabrics nowadays do not have livable conditions because by passing of time and changing of spatial patterns of housing, some problems such as: formal, social and economic aspects of today life. Strategic plans are more important in improvement and Renovation of damaged fabrics because of flexibility and long period and combination of planning levels. Damaged area has potentials, much strength and opportunities points with comprehensive recognitions and suitable planning of which they can exhibit optimal strategies for importance in improvement and renovation of damaged area. In this paper by the use of SWOT method in damaged area we have recognized strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and have considered views of experts on the basis of Likert method scale. Then, each factor has earned particular weight and optimal strategy of importance in improvement and renovation of damaged area and have been shown in central sector of Urmia. Obtained strategies are used as guidance and practicable criteria to make decision and performance in central sector of Urmia. Finally, results of paper show central sector of Urmia according to the borrowing facilities of national and international organizations and large market as the main axis of economy and valuable squares and historical areas have potentials for for improvement and modernization.

In Zanjan city with high rate of population growth and physical development, every day 270 tons of solid waste with different compounds enters into the biological cycle of the city. The current location of disposed waste at inappropriate local is in Mehtrchay the region in the southwest city. In addition, waste disposal method was inappropriate and causes vital sources of pollution such as air, water, soil and landscape. On the other hand, disruption of daily life of those residents near waste disposal sites are necessary to locate for new location waste disposal. In this study, by using fuzzy logic the aim was to determine the value and different weight criteria affecting the location of municipal solid waste landfill in Zanjan by GIS to design a model and to select disposal site. Parameters used were; slope, topography, fault lines, distance from population centers, distance from surface and underground water resources, distance from access roads, type of soil and rocks, land use area, and land capability analysis was thereby analyzed. Finally, after overlapping the layers three sites as quite appropriate, suitable and moderately suitable were identified. After the evaluation, overlapping layers were obtained by Weighted Perfect Choice 35 kilometers from Zanjan in northwest of the Khalkhal road as Center for hygine solid wastes landfill site in Zanjan. Results of the analysis and control of land is largely satisfactory.

Underground water resources, form the most extensive fresh water reservoirs on the earth after glaciers and ice sheets, so that they are counted as the significant drinkable supply of water for human beings. Nowadays, as the result of overpopulation and consequently, excessive exploitation of underground water supplies, the water inadequacy problems are brought into existance. By employing accurate and basic controlled management of consumption, however, may rectify any damage of this dilemma? One of the approaches is to recharge the artificial underground aquifer and determine the most appropriate location to do so. Linear assignment method is a multi- standard resolving method which not only combines quantitative and qualitative components and weigh them proportion to their importance, but also can help the decision makers adopt the best approach. Since Shahrood- Bastam region with three population centers, Shahrood, Bastam, and Mojen, contain about 85% of Shahrood county population, locating and zoning the most appropriate site to recharge artificial underground aquifer is particularly vital for this region. According to the results of this research, it is indicated that in Sharood- Bastam region which is divided into 7 different zones due to their altitudes, the 3th zone with its submontane location has grade 1 and is the best site to be artificially recharged. On the other side, 7th zone, which is located in mountain, has the lowest position in this list. That is, this zone is unsuitable for recharging. The rest of positions are respectively allotted to 1, 6, 5, 2, and 4th zones.

Ecotourism is a collection of organic and dynamic tourism industry while having considerable productivity and profitability, ensures economic development at deeper layers. This collection is not only a bed for the cultural development of communities; rather it makes the environment serve the human curious soul and invites them to have a fascinating and enjoyable journey, filled with memories, to explore the unknown universe and become close to nature and be immersed in the relaxing and refreshing natural attractions. This paper aims to study natural attractions of Saman region and find their effect on attracting tourists. The main objective of this study was to investigate and understand the most significant capabilities and opportunities as well as bottlenecks and threats to the region to achieve specific pattern of ecotourism. For this purpose, the nature of the region was evaluated and its strengths and weaknesses were identified. The results showed the high weakness of the required infrastructures for tourism such as facilities, services, social, economic, cultural and communication infrastructures and considering the potentials of the region and long-term prospects of tourism development in Saman, suggestions for improving the current situation and the future upgrades of the region were presented in the form of short time (Task Force), medium-term and long-term intervals. It should be pointed that by providing comprehensive and systematic planning of tourism and investment incentives for the private sector, we can provide opportunities for ecotourism development in the area.

Utilizing the spaces and appropriate distribution of them, in better words, spatial justice are important factors in urban planning. Accordingly, land uses and city services are of influential and beneficial factors in implementing the dimensions of spatial, social, and economic justice by responding to population requirement, increasing public benefits, and considering peoples’ merits, With a very short record of being called a city, Zahedan has had an asymmetrical growth that has paved the way for social injustice, especially in educational facilities among citizens in different parts of the city. Findings of present research indicate that there are crystal-clear differences in urban areas of zahedan in enjoying educational facilities and potentials regarding three parameters of compatibility (location and the surroundings, location and communication, location and detailed plan), desirability (structural quality of educational centers, locations and degree of accessibility, distribution and population density of educational centers, and the type of their ownership), and capacity (frequency of using educational centers and number of classes in these centers). That is, the second district of municipality enjoys the mentioned parameters the most, the first district enjoys an average extent, and the third district enjoys the least. The findings also indicate that the organization of educational facilities in Zahedan involves disequilibrium; centralization, and dire parity that lead to rapture in spatial justice among districts. It seems that the distribution pattern of and the accessibility to educational facilities in different districts of the city bear unstable situation. This issue can be a very serious warning to the city managers and curriculum developers since no change or development in urban areas is feasible without considering efficient labor and human assets. Efficient labor will only be effective when educationally equal opportunities are porvided. Systematic approach to the distribution of educational landuses, unified city management, intensive and short-range planning are important factors in removing injustice and difference. Similarly, planning medium and long- range programs, and increasing economic power of citizens are significant strategies in materializing justice in the city.

Nowadays in the scientific literature of urban planning, urban parks have various functions of social, economic and ecological. The social function, due to direct contact with citizens is particularly important. In a classification, the social functions of urban parks are divided in two classes: 1-Desirable functions (role of park in the leisure, increasing the formation of cooperative institutions, interaction and cooperation, promote physical and mental health and...) and 2-Undesirable functions (role of park in increasing the guilt, drug distribution and increased number of drug addicts, and...). Locations and conditions of park and population using it have significant impact on social function of urban parks. This article surveys this topic on city of Mashhad. For this purpose region 1 (as most developed region) and Region 6 (as one of the most underdevelopped regions) were selected and 360 questionnaires from residents near parks in social function by using nine indicators completed. Then using factor analysis method we combined nine indicators. This analysis revealed that these indicators are reduced to three factors with eigenvalues higher than one. Further results showed that in region 1 the desirable social functions and in region 6 undesirable social functions have significant role in explaining the social functions of urban parks.

Land is one of rare resources the increase of which is impossible. It has basic role in development planes. Land has been a reason for governmental interfaces and debates before the organization and appropriate management of land uses. The government of Iran in 1358 has organized the rural lands with the equity in land distribution, the provision of basic needs, and housing supplement with the deliverance of public lands planes for rural people. In order to investigate this matter, it is necessary to recognize factors affecting land delivering programs. For this purpose and aiming at responding research question, the present research was carried out using descriptive analytical method through distributing 264 questionnaires among village households in 6 selective provinces. Findings of the research showed that the assignment of lands for rural housing had positive impacts such as physical development of rural settlers, the increase in resistance of buildings, the increment of rural income and also the reduction in out migration. There were also negative impacts including the disturbance of physical texture, decreasing of social unity, etc. in all environmental, social, economic and physical dimensions, but it is worthwhile mentioning that positive physical impacts were stronger than economic and social consequences.