فصلنامه علوم پزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
سال بیست و سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 71، بهار 1392)

Ecstasy is a psychoactive, hallucinogen drug and a member of amphetamines family and is used commonly worldwide. Ecstasy overdose leads to restlessness, anxiety, hallucination, cardiovascular disorders and liver toxicity. Recently, the use of vasodilators, such as pentoxifylline (PTX), is one of the new strategies for protection against liver lesions caused by some substances such as alcohol consumption. There are few studies about the protective effect of pentoxifylline on liver damages due to MDMA long administration. Therefore, a comprehensive study on the protective effect of pentoxifylline on liver lesions caused by prolonged use of ecstasy seems to be necessary. This experimental study was performed on five groups: control, Ecstasy (7.5 mg/kg), Experimental 1 (100 mg/kg PTX simultaneously with the last dose of Ecstasy), experimental 2 (100 mg/kg PTX a week before Ecstasy injection), and vehicle (normal saline) groups (n=25). After two weeks, animals were killed and their livers were prepared for histological studies (H&E method) and TUNEL technique for investigating of apoptotic bodies. The apoptotic bodies and hepatocytes lesions in experimental group 1 were lower than the other groupsm except control. It seems that the use of pentoxifylline after consumption of pure ecstasy can decrease tissue damage and prevent the induction of apoptosis in rat liver.

Since the issue of learning and memory is an important issue in the development of science and technology, finding possible ways to improve learning and memory is an interest of researchers. Considering the effect of olive oil in reducing triglyceride levels and the presence of high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins A and E found in vegetable oils, the effects of olive oil on spatial learning in aged rats were studied. in this experimental study, N-MARI egad rats were divided into four groups of 2-, 3-, and 4-week and control (8 rats for each group). Control group was fed with an ordinary diet and three groups were fed with a diet containing olive oil (10%) for two, three and four weeks. Then rats were trained for a spatial learning task using T-Maze. Results show an increase in spatial learning in rats were fed with olive oil 10% for four weeks (p<0.001), but not for those whom were fed for two and three weeks. It seems that vitamin A and E, and polyunsaturated fatty acids found in olive oil may reduce cholesterol, resulting in increased learning.

Several studies have reported that retinoic acid administration and/or consumption of a vitamin A-enriched diet was could repair the aging induced memory deficits, decreased hippocampal long term potentiation (LTP). Vitamin A deficiency impairs learning ability and hippocampal LTP in mice. In the present study, the effects of the vitamin A and pilocarpine (a muscarinic agonist) on memory retention in adult male rats were investigated. Post-training intracerebroventricular injections were carried out in all experiments. Memory retention was evaluated by using a step-through passive avoidance paradigm in adult male rats. Vitamin A (1000 and 2000 IU/rat) and pilocarpine (1 g/rat) increased memory retention. The acetylcholine receptor agonist (pilocarpine) increased the response to vitamin A. The response to vitamin A was potentiated by pilocarpine. It is concluded that vitamin A elicits an interaction with the cholinergic system in memory retention.

Papaver rhoeas plant is a one-year plant that is used in treatment of sleep disorders, cough, and peritonitis. It has analgesic and lenitive effects in human. In this survey, the effect of Papaver rhoeas distillate and tension were studied on the amount of memory and learning, corticosterone, and anorexia. In this empirical study, 64 mature male mice were randomly divided into 8 groups, including control group, witness and empirical ones, in which distillate of Papaver rhoeas is injected via peritoneum in the dose of 15, 30, 60 mg/kg weights of body in the period of one week. The empirical group was under tension for half an hour after injection. At the beginning and the end of the experiment, we were taking blood of animals and the value of corticosterone was measured and T-shape labyrinth is used in order to measure the amount of memory strength and learning. Papaver rhoeas distillate significantly decreased anorexia and increased the corticosterone and amount of learning in empirical group in comparison with control group (p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). Moreover, stress results in significantly increasing of corticosterone value and anorexia, and decreasing of memory and learning ability in positive control that received stress (p<0.05). Tension- related effects of corticosterone, is a central effect acts via hypothalamus and pituitary gland by secretion of CRF and ACTH, respectively. Increasing effect of corticosterone in the essence is a peripheral effect by direct effect on adrenal gland.

Extensive researches exist in the recent years about attractive properties of nanoparticles and their applicability in design of the biosensors. In this area, development of simple and reliable biosensors for the determination of sulfhydryl compound is pertinent. In this trial, an enzyme-less amperometric biosensor was designed for the detection of cysteine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine.

Nanoparticles of iron (III) oxide core-cobalt hexacyanoferrate shell were synthesized and employed as a signal transducer in the amperometric biosensor.

The nanoparticles represented a good redox behavior and represented an efficient catalytic activity toward the oxidation of the substrates.

Amperometric signals of the biosensor were successfully recorded for quantification of the substrates and the biosensor was successfully employed for the analysis of real samples or determination in blood serum and urine.

Anti-inflammatory drugs are used for reducing the pain after surgery especially in minor surgery and local anesthesia drugs, especially Markain, is also employed. Regarding performing little studies about the comparison of these two kinds of drugs, this study was done for comparison two methods. This double-blind randomized clinical trial study was done on 198 patients with inguinal hernia. Patients were divided into case group (intra wound Markain) and control group (the suppository of naproxen). Surgery was done with standard method (Liechtenstein) and the severity of pain was assessed by the visual analogue scale (VAS) in one, six and 24 hours after surgery. Data were analyzed by SPSS- ver16 software. Mean age in case group were 52.6±5.7 years and in control group were 53.7±4.9 years. Mean pain intensity in the first and 6th hours in case group were 6.3 and 4.6 and in control group were 3.9 and 2.9, respectively (P<0.001). The pain immediately and 24 hours after surgery were similar in both groups and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Need to opioid analgesics was further reduced in the naproxen group one and six hours after surgery. Although both methods were effective in reducing postoperative pain and less expensive, but naproxen suppositories was more effective pain reliever for optimal pain control, especially in the first and six hours after surgery and is more effective in reducing pain intensity than Markain. Naproxen also reduces the need to deal with housing has been opioid analgesics.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of single dose and three days course of cefiximein in the treatment of women with uncomplicated acute cystitis. This clinical trial was done on 70 women with uncomplicated acute cystitis referred to urologic and gynecologic clinic at Bou Ali hospital in Tehran (Iran), which were randomly divided into two groups. The first group (group A) was prescribed one 800 mg dose of cefixime and the 2nd group (group B) was treated with 400mg/day cefixime for 3 days. After one week & 2week of taking the prescribed antibiotics, urine culture was analyzed. Patients with resistant urine culture to cefixime (3 in group A and 2 in group B) were excluded from the study. Data were analyzed using t-test, chi- square and exact Fisher test using SPSS-16 software. The mean (± standard deviation) age of subjects was 29.97 ± 5.65. Seventeen subjects in group A and 21 in group B were married. All subjects, excluding six (1 in group A and 5 in group B), were completely cured. However, recoveries in group A were more than group B, but there was no statistically significant difference. Single 800 mg dose of cefixime is as effective as dose of 400 mg/day for 3days in treatment of women with uncomplicated acute cystitis.

Iodine and Iodophore have been longley used as antiseptic to prevent infections with good efficacy and safety. The aim of this study was to formulate new povidone iodine 7.5% antiseptic foam and evaluate its antibacterial effect. In this experimental study, in the first step, the effects of the foaming agents including Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES), Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) and Nonoxynol 9 were studied and then the effect of pH and different buffer formulations including citrate, phosphate citrate and phosphate buffers on the organoleptic properties and the amount of the free iodine were evaluated according to the USP 32 criteria. The effects of the emollient such as glycerin and glycerox HE were evaluated and the accelerated stability test was taken for optimum formulations. Finally, the antimicrobial effect of the proper formulation was evaluated. SLES 3% in Citrate buffer with the pH 3.5 showed the best results for the quality of the foam and glycerin 1% was selected as proper emollient agent in presence of poloxamer 407 as foam stabilizer. The stability test was done on the superior formula and it proved its antiseptic properties. The foam formulation contained povidone iodine 7.5%, SLES 3%, Poloxamer (407) 2%, citrate buffer and glycerin 1% has passed stability as well as and antimicrobial effects tests; therefore, it can be used as a new antiseptic product and an appropriate detergent to prevent spreading of infectious disease.

Adenoviruses are double-stranded DNA and non-enveloped viruses. It causes different diseases in human through respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. Interestingly, more than fifty serologic types of human adenovirus were distinguished and just serotypes 40 and 41 cause gastroenteritis in human. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of adenovirus infection in patients with acute gastroenteritis in the population of Tehran. between May 2008 and May 2009, 293 stool samples were collected from patients with acute gastroenteritis. After DNA extraction, PCR procedures were performed, using designed primers. Positive adenoviruses samples were analyzed by the software and their serotypes were determined. 6 positive samples of 293 patients recruited to the hospital were children less than 5 years old. Additionally, they were diagnosed as serotype 41 of adenoviruses F group. According to our results, serotype 41 of adenovirus was an important cause of gastroenteritis in less than 5 years old children in population of Tehran.

Coronary artery diseases (CAD) are leading causes of death in developed countries. Also, 10-15% of elderly people of the United State of America have gallstone. These two diseases have similar risk factors, such as obesity, elderliness, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hyper tension. Determining the correlation of coronary artery disease and gallstone is the main Aim of this study. This analytical cross-sectional study was done on 130 patients whom were suspected to CAD and have been referred to Shohadaye Kargar Hospital of Yazd echocardiography department. They have been randomly selected and echo test and sonography have been done for all by expert specialists. Data were analyzed by chi-square, Exact Fisher and Mantel-Haenszel tests. Stress test were negative in 80 (61.53%) and were positive in 50 (38.47%) patients. Of 80 negative stress test subjects, negative gallbladder sonography was observed in 77 (96.25%) patients; while in 3 (3.75) patients gallbladder sonography was positive. Among 50 positive stress test patients, 42 (84%) and 8 (16%) patients had negative and positive gallbladder sonography, respectively. There not found statistically significant association between CAD and gallston (p= 0.022). Patients who had coronary artery disease, compared with healthy individuals, are at increased risk of gallstones. In men older than 50 years suffering from vague upper abdominal pain, Liver and gallbladder sonography ultrasound is recommended for detection of probable biliary stones.

Sleep apnea is defined as more than 10 seconds to stop the air flow in the adult airway, which may occur due to upper airway obstruction during sleep. Sleep apnea is highly prevalent among patients with cardiovascular disease, so that 50% of patients with atrial fibrillation suffer from sleep apnea. Therefore, this current study discussed the risk of sleep apnea in patients with atrial fibrillation. This comparative-descriptive study with convenience sampling was performed on 150 patients with atrial fibrillation and 150 patients without atrial fibrillation admitted to CCU of Imam Khomeini's hospital, Saghez, Iran. Patients were matched for age and sex. Data was collected using demographic and Berlin questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by SPSS16 statistical software and descriptive and inferential statistical tests. Blood pressure in patients with atrial fibrillation was significantly higher than patients without atrial fibrillation (p=0.001). In the groups with and without atrial fibrillation, 60% and 36% had a high risk of sleep apnea, respectively. Patients with sleep apnea were prone 2.98 times to atrial fibrillation more than those without this disorder. According to high incidence of sleep apnea and atrial fibrillation in the CCU, using the screening methods for patient's identification to reduce the risk factors among these patients seems to be necessary.

Chronic renal failure (CRF) and its related treatment such as hemodialysis influence the life style of patients and leading to physical and psychosocial problems. Social support is one of the most important coping mechanisms that improves quality of life and health status of these patients. The aim of this study was to determine social support in hemodialysis patients in hospitals of Zanjan University of medical science. In this cross-sectional study, 84 patients with CRF who referred to Zanjan hemodialysis centers in 2010 were recruited. Subjects answered 2 sets of questionnaires: (1) demographic characteristic, (2) standard instrument of social support)NSSQ(. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using SPSS ver.16. Fifty percent were female, 79.8 % were married, and 19% were jobless. 78.5%, 20.3% and 29.7% of participants had optimal emotional, informational and instrumental support, respectively. The overall optimal social support was 40.5%. There was not significant relationship between independent variables (marriage, type of job, educational level and sex) and social support (p>0.05). According to the result of this study and regarding to positive relationship between social support, quality of life and survival rate in hemodialysis patients, it is suggested that health care policy makers and managers consider instrumental and informational support in order to improve quality of life in hemodialysis patients.