نشریه زیست شناسی کاربردی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1391)

In the recent years, the use of microbial biotransformation processes to achieve specific properties of vanillin and access to the natural vanillin origin has been a lot of attention. In the present study, Taguchi method was employed for optimizing the biotransformation of isoeugenol to vanillin under resting cells of native isolate Psychrobacter sp. strain CSW4. Five factors, i.e. initial isoeugenol concentration, initial dry biomass, co-substrates (glycerol, yeast extract and tryptone), initial NaCl concentration and metal ions (Cu, Zn and Co, were selected and experiments based on an orthogonal array layout of L18 were performed. Vanillin produced in the biotransformation reaction mixture was analyzed by HPLC method. Optimization of the process by Taguchi method showed that highest impact factors with importance priority of NaCl concentration, initial isoeugenol concentration, glycerol as substrate, cobalt ion and initial dry biomass were determined as optimum conditions for the biotransformation isoeugenol into vanillin, respectively. Under these optimized conditions, the highest vanillin concentration (1.016 g/L) obtained after 24-h reaction biotransformation. The molar yield of vanillin produced from isoeugenol was 43.8%. Results of this study indicate that if optimization of medium composition is performed to balance the cell growth and vanillin amount, reasonable yields of vanillin have been achieved, without addition ofany toxic organic solvent or other chemicals which increase the cost of production.

Carpinus betulus is an important element in the Hyrcanian forests that extensively are distributed, therefore comprehensive studies on separation of phenotypes of the species is necessary. Most taxonomists approved the significance of the seed and bract traits in the taxonomy of the Carpinus so in this study these traits was utilized to identify different phenotypes of the C. betulus by 26 seed and bract characters. First multivariate analysis such as Cluster Analysis were used. Accuracy of the clustering was determined by Discriminate Analysis. Most important traits for groupings were surveyed by Wilks› Lambda values. The results showed the length of three lobes of bract had the most contribution in separation of the clusters. However some traits such as length, width and the ridge numbers o the seed are suitable in separation of the phenotypes. Also, examining the bract stomatal traits in different groups, showed this character-was efficient in identifying the different phenotypes. Additionally, we compared the results of this research with previously reportedvarieties of Carpinus betulus and we observed more variation than the prior studies. In fact this study showed extensive variability of Carpinus betulus especiallyin seed and bract characters, proving the taxonomy significance of these traits.

L. plantarum ATCC 8014 as a probiotic have had the ability of CLA isomers production including cis-9,trans-11- 18:2 and trans-10,cis-1218:2-,CLA1 and CLA2, respectively, from castor oil that contains 89% ricinoleic acid. Results of this research have shown that addition of linoleic acid to the pre culture had positive effect on linoleate isomerase expression and it caused CLA isomers high production. Our results also indicated that concentration of substrate and incubation time are dramatically effective on the CLA isomers production. From these results 0.426mg/ml CLA1 and 0.371mg/ml CLA2 are produced from a reaction mixture includes potassium phosphate buffer (0.1M,pH 6.5), 8mg/ml castor oil and 0.1% tween 80, 100U/ml Lipase L-175 Sigma with 12%(wet) Biomass, under microaerobic condition and 37 °C for 72 hours.

The microelements are required for muscle function and physical performance and deficiency of these elements will effect on muscle performance in athletes. This study examined whether supplementing the diet with a commercial supplement containing zinc, Magnesium during training on Upper and Lower Trunk Strength and Zn, Mg levels in serum of Athletics Women 40 women, who were physically healthy and had been experience in physical activity for at least last six months were participated in this study. The subjects were instructed to follow a normal lifestyle maintaining daily habits, to avoid any medications. The participant were randomly divided into four groups of, Zn, Mg, Zn+Mg and control. The groups of Zn, Mg, and Zn+Mg following endurances exercise and supplementation of Zinc Sulfate 50mg, Magnesium Oxide, 250mg and the control group followed the training without any supplementation. The blood sample was collected before and after the eight weeks in four groups to analyze Zn and Magnesium. The results show that supplementation of Zn and Mg for 8 weeks had no significant effect on muscle strength of lower body in three groups compared with control group. However Mg supplementation had significant effect on muscle strength of upper body (back, hand bending and chest muscles (p<0.05). The Zn and Zn+Mg supplementation groups showed significant changed on strength of hand bending and back muscle compared with control group, however there was not significant changed on rest of upper muscles. There was not significant effect on Mg and Zn levels in three groups compared with control groups. In conclusion the results of this research indicated that using Mg and Zn supplementation may cause positive effect on muscle strength.

Phenolic acids as secondary metabolites that are involved in allelopathy stress and they can be used to manage weeds. In the present study investigated the effects of some these compounds in concentrations of 0.5 and 2 mM on protein content and anti-oxidative enzymes pigweed plant. The seeds were cultured in ½ MS media containing one of the phenolic acids including: Syringic, p- Coumaric, m-Coumaric, p-hydroxy Benzoic, Vanillic and Ferulic acid for 25 days and then biochemical analysis were performed. The results were showed that high potential allelopathic compounds were caused reduce in water content and protein percent. Also scavenging free radicals process were disturbed because of damage on function of anti-oxidant enzymes spatially catalase and peroxidas. In the almost treatments, activity of superoxide dismutase was increased relative to the control.

Ghrelin increases food intakes and body weight while weight loss and fasting is accompanied by increased levels of cortisol. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of cortisol and morphine on ghrelin concentration in ewes with different levels of energy requirements.Ten Zandi ewes were randomly divided in to two groups. The groups were fed either by 50% or 100% of energy content in diet for 10 days. After a week animals in both groups received cortisol(60 μg/kg), morphine(0. 15 mg/kg) or simultaneous injection of cortisol and morphine respectively. Blood samples were collected 2 hours after infusions.Ghrelin concentration significantly increased in the 7th day of experiment compared to first day in the %50 group. While in the group by 100% energy level, significant changes wasn’t observed in ghrelin concentration. After injection of cortisol ghrelin reduction in the both groups. Morphine increased ghrelin in both groups. After simultaneous injection of cortisol and morphine there was no significant increasing and decreasing changes in both groups.

Lepidium sativum L. is one of the herbal plant with fast growth and belonging to Brassicaceae and is endemic of Egypt and west of Asia. Many lands are on the cultivation of this plant in temperate regions of the world. For the reason of the best effect of compost and compost tea on increasing of growth and production of agricultural products, Lepidium sativum L. was choose for this research. The aim of this research was the study of different contents of compost tea on some physiological and biochemical characters of Lepidium sativum. Lepisium sativum plants were cultured in soil that supplemented with different contents of compost tea (0, 25%, 50% and 75% V/W). After two months treatment, treated plants were harvested and total soluble and none soluble sugars, proline and protein contents determined. The catalase and peroxidase activity of treated plants were measured too. The statistical comparison of data showed that some cress plants that treated by 75% compost tea had the highest amount of proline and at none treated cress plants proline content were minimum. The content of non soluble sugars at Cress plants that treated by 25% compost tea was higher than control plants. On the other hand, Total soluble sugars that determined treated cress plant at compost tea (75%) was low amount. The activity of catalase at control plants was higher than treated plant, and compost tea (50%) decreased significantly catalase activity. The peroxidase activity in control plants was lower than treated plants. In comparison between different characters at different treatments, the compost tea by 75% concentration had a best effect on different measured characters.