مجله مطالعات علوم پزشکی
سال بیست و سوم شماره 7 (اسفند 1391)

Multiple sclerosis is the most common demyelination inflammatory disease due to the greatest disability in young adults. Recent studies show that in addition to white matter involvement in the central nervous system in the pathogenesis of MS as well as a phenomenon Neurodegenerative early stages of disease, there are examples of it as a conflict cortex cells, brain atrophy is a gray. In recent studies peripheral demyelination neuropathy was observed in 5% of patients with MS. The purpose of this study was electro diagnostic peripheral nervous system evaluation in patients with multiple sclerosis. In a cross sectional and descriptive-analytical study conducted on patients with MS in the Department of Neurology University of Medical Sciences, changes in NCS in MS patients was examined. 19 of the studied patients were male and 56 of them were female. MS disease in 20 patients (26.7%) patients was SP and in 55 (73.3%) patients were RR. The mean age of patients with type SP was 41.70 ± 11.93 and the mean age of patients with type RR, was 30.23 ± 9.51years (P<0.001). Mean involvement duration in patients with type SP was 8.85 ± 5 and the mean involvement duration in patients with type RR was 2.49 ± 2.83 years (P<0.001). Mean EDSS in patients with type SP was 6.05 ± 0.85 and the mean EDSS in patients with type RR was 2.92 ± 1.44(P<0.001). Most amplitude proneal motor disorder occurred in 22.66% and 11.33% in the sural amplitude disturbance. Maximum Latency occurred in tibial motor disorder in 16.66% of cases and the most disorder in the median and peroneal motor Velocity occurred at 9.33% of cases there was also the most impaired in F_Wave peroneal H_Reflex disorder occurred in 24.66% and 9.33%. In our study, median nerve motor amplitude of left tibial and peroneal motor was significant less than the normal mean, and Latency of right median nerve motor as well as significant less than mean normal society. Relationship between electro diagnostic findings in patients with age, disease duration and relapse number of disease and spinal cord involvement, the number of brain plaques, EDSS of patients studied did not exist. Mean velocity motor nerves studied no significant differences with middle mean. Mean Amplitude of median motor left; mean Amplitude of tibial and peroneal motor was significant amount less than normal.

Aluminum is a very consumable metal that has caused many disorders in different organs of body. In this study were evaluated chronic effects of aluminum chloride ultrastructurully, morphologically and morphometrically on rabbit’s liver tissue.

20 rabbits were classified into control and treatment groups in equal numbers. 12. 5 mg/kg aluminum chloride to treatment group and deionized water to control group in the same dose were injected intraperitoneally for 7 weeks in anesthetic condition. Tissue sections were prepared for studying by electron and light microscopes according standard methods. Synchronic quantitative and qualitative studies were performed by evaluation of the prepared images and became morphometry by statistical analysis of the results.

Morphologically, infiltration of lymphocytic cells, fatty change of hepatocytes, fibrosis around central vein in liver and ultrastructurally, mitochondrial vacuolation, degeneration of rough endoplasmic reticulum and hyper chromatic state of hepatocytes were seen. Also morphometry showed significant decrease (p<0. 05) of half diameter of lobules and volume fractions of organelles of hepatocytes in treatment group comparing control group.

Previous researches revealed different tissue effects of aluminum by some mechanisms like lipids peroxidation, cell membrane and nuclear DNA damages. In present study perhaps production of free radicals, disorders of glycogen and protein are the most causes of damage by aluminum.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) as a heterogeneous disease is one of the most usual women endocrine disorders and the leading causes of infertility by reason of unovulation. PCOS affecting about between 5 and 10 percent of females. The results of recent studies indicated that vitamin D has an important role in calcium homeostasis. Many investigators imply that it is necessary to study the influence of calcium and vitamin D consumption on ovulation especially in patients with PCOS. The goal of this investigation was to determine vitamin D receptor gene ApaI alleles and genotypes frequency in Iranian Azeri women with polycystic ovary syndrome and healthy controls. Methods & Materials: Total of 76 Iranian Azeri women including 38 women with polycystic ovary syndrome and 38 healthy controls entered at present study. RFLP-PCR method was performed for alleles and genotypes detection. The frequencies of VDR ApaI were 0. 67 and 0. 33 in PCOS women, also 0. 62 and 0. 38 in healthy controls regarding A and C alleles. The allelic frequencies (%frequencies) of VDR ApaI were 51(67. 11), and 25(32. 89) in PCOS women, also 47(61. 84), and 29(38. 16) in controls regarding A and C alleles, respectively. Also, the genotypic frequencies(%frequencies) of VDR ApaI were 15(39. 47), 21(55. 26), and 2(5. 26) in PCOS women, also 12(31. 58), 23(60. 53), and 3(7. 89) in healthy controls regarding AA,AC,and CC genotypes, respectively. There was no statistically significant differences in VDR ApaI allele and genotype frequencies between studied groups (p-value >0. 05). The findings of present study for the first time in Iranian Azeri PCOS women imply that no association was found between the VDR ApaI and PCOS susceptibility.

Liver cirrhosis is associated with coagulation disorders due to decreased synthesis of clotting and inhibitor factors. It has been hypothesized that ascites plays an important role in hyperfibrinolytic state and increased risk of bleeding. We have studied the role of ascites in the hyper fibrinolytic state and relationship between MELD-score and hyper fibrinolytic state in cirrhotic patients. This study was conducted on 82 patients with liver cirrhosis from May 2011 to September 2012. All patients were classified into two groups: with and without ascites. The plasma levels of (FDP) Fibrinogen degradation products and D-dimer were measured, and all patient's MELD-score were calculated. Statistical analyses were carried out to evaluate the correlation of ascites and MELD-score with hyper fibrinolytic state. There were 47.6% male and 52.4% female patients. Mean age of patients was 51±17. 5 years. 52 (63. 4%) patients have ascites. FDP plasma level in 46(88. 5%) and D-dimer plasma level in 45(86. 5%) of cirrhotic patients with ascites had been increased while FDP plasma level in 6(20%) and D-dimer plasma level in 4 (13. 3 %) of cirrhotic patients without ascites had been increased. The mean of FDP and D-dimer plasma levels in cirrhotic patients with ascites was significantly higher than their levels in patients without ascites (P <0. 001). Ascites fluid has an important role in hyperfibrinolytic state of cirrhotic patients.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic non specific neck pain on shoulder girdle muscles activation pattern. Temporal & intensity of shoulder muscles activation characteristics during a scapular plane elevation were evaluated in two groups with & without chronic nonspecific neck pain: one group contains 20 subjects with chronic neck pain and the other group contains 20 healthy subjects which matched on age, sex and dominant limb with the subject on the patients group. Surface electromyographic activity of four muscles (Anterior & Middle deltoid, upper & lower Trapezius) recorded at 1500 Hz for 10 seconds whilst each subject performed 3 dynamic elevation movement with a load (%25-30 of her/his maximum voluntary exertion). With MANOVA results revealed that there was no statistical difference between two groups unless onset delays of middle deltoid and peak delay of upper trapezius. But the differences between two groups was discussable, because the onset delay and peak delay of all muscles in patient group increased and peak amplitude of dynamic elevation (Normalized with maximum amplitude of Maximum voluntary Exertion test) decreased relative to healthy group. In conclusion, chronic non specific neck pain alters the shoulder muscles activation pattern specially the activation pattern of upper trapezius. But with a large sample size these differences will be statistically valuable.

From among the various injuries, road traffic injuries have special characteristics such as high frequency, high intensity and involvement of population. Damage of these events is so extensive that it called war of road. Consequences Traffic injuries in Iran is the third cause of death and have the highest DALY, and the most important problem that threat public health. Several risk factors caused injuries including socio-economic factors, demographic factors, un allowed speed, mixing vehicles, inadequate attention to the road design. aimed of present study identified Social -demographic pattern of deaths of road traffic injuries in Kurdistan during 81-88. This data cross-sectional survey conducted on recorded mortality in forensic medicine system during years 81-88. After data collection, data were analyzed with SPSS version 16. Absolute and relative frequency calculated for descriptive purpose and chi-square test applied for analytic purpose. During years studied, approximately 4249 deaths of road traffic injuries, according to the findings, men to women proportion was 4/2 to 1.highest frequency of death belonged to age group of 15-34.49/3%of dead were illiterate or with primary literary education. Among the road users, Passengers had high death and pedestrian had low death The present study showed that deaths from traffic injuries are not randomly distributed in the community. Culture reform and implementing of education program about young men, can reduce death rate from traffic injuries.

Substance abuse during pregnancy is one of the most important problems in maternal and neonatal health. Being familiar with the risk of poor pregnancy outcome in these individuals may help them to reduce that risk. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effects on Pregnancy outcome of substance abuse during pregnancy. The study was conducted as a historical cohort study between two groups of pregnant women with or without substance abuse. Both groups were Iranian housewives, with the same socio economical status, singleton and without any known medical systemic disorder. 1268 women were evaluated in total. 317 women were drug abusers and 951 women were not. The woman in both groups had no significant differences according to neonates’ gender, gestational age, pregnancy-induced hypertension, intra uterine fetal death (IUFD), and ruptured membranes. Maternal age (P=0.000), maternal weight (P=0.000), neonatal weight (P=0.000) were found to be lower in drug abusers. History of previous abortion (p=0.000) and gravidity (P=0.000) were higher in drug abusers. Also cesarean delivery [(P=0.049, RR=1.1 (1.02-1.12)], placental abruption [(P=0.000, RR=2.7 (1.8-4.1)], meconium passage [P=0.000, RR=2.6 (2.3-2.8)], neonatal weight of less than 2500 gram [P=0.000, RR=1.9 (1.8-2)], Apgar score of less than 7 in minute 5 [P=0. 001, RR= 1.7 (1.5-1.7)], NICU admission [P=0.000, RR= 3.7 (3.5-3.8)] and neonatal death [P=0.009, RR= 2.1 (1.8-2.5)] were all higher in drug abusers. Substance abuse causes poor outcomes in pregnancy, and with control, patients may improve these poor conditions.

Cholecystitis is one of the commonest diseases in gastrointestinal tract which can be presented as acute or chronic cholecystitis. The several factors cause of this diseases. The outbreak and epidemiologic features of cholecystitis has changed due to revolutionized and processing of life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic diseases at different ages, gender and location. Patients were operated of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 2010 with diagnosis of cholecystitis. These patients were assessment. The patients were divided acute and chronic groups. This category was performed on the base of surgical and pathological finding. The data was analyzed by SPSS. In this research 448 patients were assessment, the total of patients, 313 patients were chronic cholecystitis and 135 patients were acute cholecystitis. The most of patients were during 40 to 50 years old. Total of patients, 353 patients were women and 95 men. And also, 180 patients of total patients lived in village and 268 patients lived in the city. According of this study, the outbreak of disease in the female was during 40 to 60 years old. This could be due to physiological and hormonal changes and also the higher incidence of cholecystitis in urban life could be depended on the type of nutrition and personal activity.

Human health has faced serious risks due to air pollution as a consequence of urbanization. So the World Health Organization has reported more than 1.3 million premature deaths due to urban air pollution in 2010. Continuous monitoring of air quality to determine pollutants and identify their emissions sources are considered as the key strategies for air pollution control. The main objective of this study was evaluation of Urmia air quality and determination of responsible pollutants in 2011-2012. Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, the instantaneous concentrations of air pollutants including CO, SO2, NO2 and PM10 were measured at the four stations of Urmia during 2011-2012 by Enviro SA and Ecotec analyzers. Air Quality Index (AQI) was calculated based on interpolation between concentrations of four criteria pollutants (PM10, NO2, SO2 and CO). Then, Urmia air quality based on AQI was classified in groups of good, moderate, unhealthy for the sensitive people, unhealthy, very unhealthy and dangerous. The results of the air quality index indicated that the air quality in 25 days was exceeded the standards in Urmia in 2011-2012. The air quality category included 17 days unhealthy for sensitive groups, 3 days unhealthy, 3 days very unhealthy and 2 days dangerous. Particulate matter, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide were as the largest responsible pollutants in non-standard conditions for Urmia air pollution, respectively. Incoming particles to the northwest, high vehicle per capita, inversion occurs, use of fossil fuels for heating are the main causes of Urmia air pollution. Common management with Northwest neighbor countries to the control particles emission at the source, green belt creation around the Urmia city, optimizing public transportation, considering environmental standards at the urban transportation management and promoting thermal insulation in residential buildings are the most appropriate strategies proposed to control Urmia air pollution.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematopoietic malignancy in which chromosomal translocation is involved in indefinite proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. It has been showed that survivin over-expression is associated with poor prognosis and poor response to chemotherapy of leukemia patients. However, there is no comprehensive study about survivin-2a, a novel survivin splice variant, expression especially in CML patients. In this study, we investigated expression pattern of survivin and survivin-2a in CML patients. Blood samples were collected from 9 healthy people and 30 patients with CML whom had been referred to Shahid Ghazi Tabatabai Hospital of Tabriz. Twenty-four of these patients were in chronic phase (CP) and six in accelerated/blastic phase (AP/BC). Survivin and Survivin-2a expression pattern were evaluated by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that survivin expression level in patients in AP/BC was significantly higher than patients in CP as well as normal samples. Survivin-2a was highly expressed in patients in AP/BC compared to patients in CP and normal samples. For example, survivin-2a was expressed in all six patients in AP/BC, while only 4 of 24 patients in CP showed low expression level. Attain to results, similar to survivin, high expression level of survivin-2a is correlated with AP/BC phases of disease. Therefore, this splice variant could be used as a diagnostic and therapeutic marker.

Candida albicans is one the widespread opportunistic fungal causing disease in human. Probiotics are useful bacteria with immunomodulatory effects on different spectrum of diseases. In this study the protective effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus Casei in reducing the Candida albicans infection in BALB/c mice were investigated. BALB/c mice were fed orally with 2.4 × 108 probiotics for a month and then were infected systemically with 2 × 10 6 Candida albicans via tail vein. Mice were again fed with probiotics for 2 weeks and then were sacrificed and the spleen cells were isolated and cultured with phytohemaglutinin. In the supernatant, the amount of IL-12, IL-4, TGF-β, and IFN-γ were measured using ELISA. Our results showed that mice using Lactobacillus Acidophilus had increased IL-4 and IL-12 level. However, the level of TGF-β was increased significantly in all infected mice. The results also show that with the applied dosage, the probiotics are not able to increase lymphocyte proliferation or mice survival. These results showed that in mice model system with the schedule and dosage we used probiotics can be used as prophylactic but they from immunological point are not effective for treatment of Candida albicans systemic infection.

Identification of genotypic variation of Echinococcus granulosus strains is important for epidemiology and control of the larval stage of this parasite. The present study was undertaken in order to identify E. granulosus strains in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Organs infected with hydatid cysts from slaughtered ruminants including 115 liver and 155 lungs from sheep, 59 liver and 126 lungs from goats, 119 liver and 78 lungs from cattle and 129 livers from water buffalos were obtained from slaughterhouses of Khoy (north), Urmia (central), and Mahabad (south). After disinfection of each cyst surface, hydatid cyst fluid was aspirated and centrifuged for collecting protoscolices. A number of 114 fertile hydatid cysts were used for DNA extraction. To determine genotypic variation of E. granulosus, a fragment of 1213 bp of mitochondrial cytochrom oxidase subunit 1 (co-1) gene was amplified (PCR). Obtained PCR products were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using HaeIII endonuclease. A fragment of 1213 bp in size of co-1 gene was amplified successfully form all hydatid cysts of examined ruminants. Amplified PCR products from hydatid cysts of cattle, sheep, and goats generated similar RFLP patterns, but different RFLP pattern for hydatid cysts from buffaloes. The RFLP patterns of the amplified fragment of the co-1 gene of E. granulosus indicated the circulation of two different E. granolusus strains of sheep (G1) and water buffalo (G3) in northwestern of Iran.

Sleep disorder is prevalent in patients with migraine headaches. The purpose of this study was to compare the sleep quality and migraine headaches in patients with proper and improper sleep. This study is both descriptive and comparative. The population included all male and female undergraduate students at the University Urmia of the 2011-2012 school years who were randomly selected through multiphase cluster sampling. First of all, the Questionnaires of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality and Najjarian Migraine headache symptoms were administered to 280 students. In the next step, Results of the questionnaires relating to Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Test showed that 115 subjects had lower score than the cut point on the tests and 115 of the students had high score than the cut point. Then, Students based on their score were divided into proper and improper sleep groups. Analysis of the data submitted to multivariate variance statistical analysis. The results showed significant difference (P=0.0001) between the two groups in terms of the variables which being studied. The group with improper sleep obtained a higher average in the variables of migraine headache, sleep quality and its sub-scales which are subjective sleep quality, delay and difficulty falling asleep, sleep duration, good sleep, sleep disorders, use of narcotics and sleep medications and daily dysfunctions. People who have poor sleep quality, sleep disorders, migraine headaches and difficulty falling asleep experience more problems in their life.

This research was aimed to investigate hypertension Adrenergic Receptor B2 (ADRB2) gene expression and Flow Mediate Dilation (FMD) level in untrained middle-aged men fallowing to eight week regular exercise training. This study was a semi-experimental research with a repeated measures design. From 96 volunteer middle-aged men, 20 subject (age range of 45-55 years) participated in this study after signing an informed consent form. Next, subject divided in two groups of training (10 person) and control (10 person) groups and performed the eight week moderate exercise training (time: 45 minutes, speed: 50-65 maximal hear rate, slope: 0%). These factors (ADRB2 and FMD) were investigated in three times: baseline, after 4 week and after 8 week. Real time- PCR was used for evaluation of Adrenergic Receptor B2 (ADRB2) mRNA and Pulsed Doppler Velocity Signal for Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD). ADRB2 gene expression in training group were significant increased after four and eight week exercise training (P<0.001) but this receptor expression was significant increased after four week being untrained in control group (P= 0.026), but decreased after 8 week (P=0.386). FMD level was significant increased in training group after 4 and 8 week (P=0.001), in control group, FMD were not significant changes after 4 week being untrained (P=0.35), but after 8 weeks being untrained, significantly decreased (P=0.010). Regular exercise training has increased the expression of ADRB2 and FMD level in middle-aged men, but untraining decreased this factors.