مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 49، خرداد و تیر 1392)

Non-verbal behaviors, emotional processing and recognition play a great role in predicting the positive and negative symptoms of patients with schizophrenia. The aim of the present research was to determine the relationship of nonverbal behaviors, emotional processing and emotional recognition with positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. This research was a cross-analytical study. The research sample consisted of 120 patients with schizophrenia which were selected from among the schizophrenic patients with of Razi hospital in Tabriz and Fatemi hospital in Ardebil city through available sampling method. To collect the data, Non-Verbal Behaviors Cheklist, Emotional Processing Scale, Emotion Facial Recognition Test, Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression analyses. The results showed that non-verbal behaviors, emotional processing and emotional recognition are related to negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenic patients. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that 79% and 83% of the variance in positive and negative symptoms were explained by non-verbal behaviors, emotional processing and emotional recognition, respectly. The results revealed that non-verbal behaviors, emotional processing and recognition has an infulence on schizophrenia.

Postgraduate dental education (PGDE) is an elective and personal decision for pursuing further education, which has various reasons. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the causes of postgraduate aspiration, to determine their specialty interests and factors influencing choices of specialty in dental students at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on all dental students in 2011. The information was collected through face-to-face interviews and by a questionnaire containing demographic characteristics, rate of admission in dental residency, 16 and 10 questions about the aspiration and disinterest to PGDE; selections of the first three choices and 7 questions about reasons to choose these three specialties. The questions were designed according to 5-point Likert scale. Validity and reliability of questionnaire were confirmed by expert specialists and test retest. Data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics, t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. In this study, all of 137 dental students took part with mean age of 22.2 ± 2.4 years, which 57.7% were females. The majority of students (87.6%) were interested in continuing specialized education. The students mentioned that increased clinical skill and knowledge, obtaining better social opportunities, acquiring better jobs and promotion to occupational esteem were the most important factors for their aspiration to continuing specialized education. Inclination to work after graduation and tiredness of education were the most important factors in the disinterests in continuing specialized education. Specialty fields which seemed most interesting to the students included: Orthodontics (53.3%), Oral and maxillofacial surgery (14.6%), Restorative dentistry (8%), Paediatrics (7.3%), Prosthodontics (5.8%), Endodontics (4.4%), Oral and maxillofacial radiology (2.9%), Community dentistry (1.5%), Periodontics (1.5%) and Oral and maxillofacial pathology (0.7%). Interest in the scientific content of the field, financial income and social esteem were the main causes of choosing specialty fields for the students. The present survey shows that the majority of dental students have postgraduate aspirations because of increase in the clinical skills and knowledge and obtaining better social opportunities; and orthodontics was the first choice for most of them.

Due to importance of income as a social determinant of health and the role of food inequality in Peoples’ health, this study tended to investigate the changes of inequality in nutritional status during 1989-2005 in urban and rural areas of Kerman province; furthermore comparing of this trend with corresponding values in National level was examined. In this Descriptive - Analytical study we used the statistical data on household budgets for measuring food costs inequality indices (Gini and Theil). The study was conducted for both urban and rural areas of Kerman province by considering National measures STATA and SPSS Software. Were used to analyzing the data. In general the trend of inequality measures in both urban and rural areas has been declining, but with high fluctuation. Using independent t test we found that the amount of food costs inequality between urban and rural areas are the same; there was no statistically significant differences in distribustion of food costs between urban areas of Kerman province and the urban areas of the country, comparing the rural areas of Kerman province with the rural areas of country in terms of inequality showed that the only significant difference found was in Theil index (p=0.04). In this study we concluded that the trend of food costs inequality in some years has proved high value and fluctuation in both urban and rural areas of Kerman province should be considered as one of the main concerns by policy maker in order to improve nutritional security and reduce disparity in food costs between the rich and poor segments. At the end considering research findings, some recommendations have been offered.

Final corrections on a manuscript sent for publication in a scientific journal are suggested by reviewers. So this qualifies the paper with the least errors for publication. The present study aimed to assess the Persian language peer reviewer's comments on a manuscript sent to an Iranian Scientific Journal (journal of Rafsanjan university of medical sciences), 2010.

In this descriptive study, a manuscript which was sent to a scientific journal for publication was sent to 30 peer reviewers to obtain their comments. This approach was the routine method of the journal in peer reviewing the manuscripts. When peer reviewer's comments come back to the editorial office, a trained expert recorded the information on an anonymous checklist. The checklist included a list of nine items which were expected to be reported by peer reviewers as their comments. Data were analyzed using SPSS.

Fourteen respondents (about 50%) sent their comments back in due date. Of these, five were affiliated with other universities and nine were affiliated to the journal university. Nine were female (64%) and 5 were males (%35/7). With one exception, peer reviewers inside the journal university were more successful than peer reviewers outside the journal university in distinguishing the other eight general items. No a peer reviewer reported all of the nine items. Among the nine items, "sample size" was reported by the highest proportion (64%) of peer reviewers.

Peer reviewing should be improved among peer reviewers of the scientific journal of this study and proper interventions should be conducted. More investigations are needed to cover more scientific journals and more peer reviewers.

In recent years, concern about medical waste at health care facilities around the world is rising. Hospital wastes are very dangerous for the environment and public health, therefore, the release of contaminants in the environment and the incidence of hospital infections can be controlled by proper management. In current situation, awareness of the personnel about the management of hospital wastes can help the authorities to develop a strategy to improve the situation in the future. So, this study was designed to determine the awareness of hospital personnel concerning waste management in Yazd Hospitals. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 180 medical personnel in Yazd hospitals in 2011. Data collection tool was a researcher made questionnaire that its validity and reliability (α = 0.72) was approved. Statistical analysis were performed using SPSS16 Fisher and Pearson’s correlation tests. The mean scores were about 14.41±4.16 (attributable maximum 29), respectively. The results of this study showed that 65.6 percent of all the samples had a complete and right explanation of hospital wastes. Approximately 47 percent of the participants stated that the hospital where they work has some policies for the waste management. Less than 25 percent of the participants indicated that management process and separation of hospital wastes are good or very good and 37 percent of samples had been involved in trainings related to the management and separation of wastes. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant relationship between the awareness and demographic variables in this study. The results of this study was based on the average awareness of the samples and weaknesses in management and separation of waste in hospitals, so necessary trainings to hospital staff and also developing regulations that emphasize on management and waste separation in hospitals are recommended.

Diarrhea is one of the worldwide health problems and one of the most common causes of childrens’ mortality. In the present experiment, effect of Descurainia sophia on castor oil-induced diarrhea was investigated. In this experimentd study 24 male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as follows: Descurainia sophia with doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg; Diphenoxylate 0.5 mg/kg; and control (vehicle). One hour after orally receiving the drugs or vehicle (normal saline 10 ml/kg), each animal was given castor oil (2 ml/rat) by an oro-gastric catheter. Then the rats were placed in a separate cage and observed for 5 h defecation to determine fecal quality, frequency, and weight. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test and p<0.05 was considered as significant difference. Both Descurainia sophia 600, 400 (mg/kg) and Diphenoxylate attenuated the percentage of weight loss (p<0.005). Compared to the control group, Descurainia sophia 600 and Diphenoxylate (p<0.005) and Descurainia sophia 400 (p<0.05) decreased the total excretion. Also compared to the control group, Descurainia sophia 600 and 400 (mg/kg) decreased stool weight (p<0.05). Extract of Descurainia sophia plant has the same effect as Diphenoxylate on attenuating castor oil - induced diarrhea symptoms and also reduction of fecal water content.

Recycling and reuse of solid waste, due to lower raw materials costs, saving energy reduction of disposal lack and depleting of resources and increasing the pollution of environment has been raised as an economic model for a long time. Therefore, the aim of this study was the survey of knowledge, attitude and performance of students of Shahid Sadoughi University of medical sciences-Yazd about recycling solid material. This cross sectional study was performed on the 252 students from Shahid Sadoughi University of medical sciences-Yazd by classification method in 2012. Data collection tool was a questionnaire with 27 valid and reliable questions in four sections: Demographic (3 questions), knowledge (10 questions), attitudes (7 questions) and performance (6 questions) and a question about the student's source of information t was completed by students by self-report. Statistical analysis was carried out by analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation and t-test. The mean of knowledge score 11.36±2.54 (score range 0-20), 11.6±2.37 in girls, 10.79±2.85 boys were reported respectively. The mean of attitude score 25.9± 2.98 (scores range 7-35), in the girls 26.17± 2.66 and the boys 25.25±3.55, respectively the mean of performance scores 6.17±3.12 (score range 0-8) respectively in the girls 3.29±1.35 and the boys 2.73±1.45 were reported. Also between the knowledge and attitude (r= 0.298, p<0.001) there were direct and positive correlation. Forty to nine point six percent indicated were TVand radio as their sorce of information. Considering the high level of Knowledge and attitude among the students and the important of students as an effective part of socity, education about recycling solid materials seems necessary.

Obesity is known as a risk factor of chronic diseases. It is very important to educate the students about the prevention of obesity. The main aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of obesity and knowledge of high school students of Larestan from obesity related diseases. In this descriptive- analytic study 278 students were selected from Larestan high school centers by stratified sampling. Weight and height and BMI were measured by using a standard protocol. The knowledge of students was measured by a questionnaire. Data were analyzed with SPSS by descriptive- analytic statistics. The results showed that the mean of BMI was in normal range. Thirty one point one percent of the students were underweight, 53.2% had normal weight, 10.1% were overweight and 3.6% were obese. BMI mean in students with positive history of obesity in their family was higher than students with negative history of obesity in their family. Seventy eight point nine persent had a little knowledge about obesity related diseases. As there were some degree of malnutrition in these students and little knowledge of obesity related disease, launching nutritional education programs and life style modification programs are recommended.