International Journal of Cancer Management
Volume:6 Issue: 1, Winter 2013

Lung cancer is an important cause of cancer mortality. Mortality is a familiar projection to address the burden of cancers. However, according to Iranian death registry, about 20% of death statistics were still recorded in misclassified categories. The aim of this study was to estimate lung cancer mortality in Iranian population, using Bayesian approach to revise this misclassification. We analyzed National death Statistic reported by the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education from 1995 to 2004. Lung cancer [ICD-10; C34] was expressed as the annual mortality rates/100,000 by sex and by age group. The Bayesian approach to correct and account for misclassification effects in Poisson count regression with a beta prior was employed to estimate the mortality rate of lung cancer in age and sex groups. According to the Bayesian analysis, there were between 20 to 30 percent underreported mortality records in deaths due to lung cancer, and its mortality rate increased through the recent years. Our findings suggested a substantial undercount of Lung cancer mortality in Iranian population. Therefore, policy makers who determine research and treatment priorities on death rates should pay more attention to this underreported data.

Asterocytoma is the most common primary human brain tumor which has the most lethal hazard among tumors in human Central Nervous System. Heat Shock Proteins play an active role in cancer cells pathways through their effects on tumor cell proliferation, tumor differentiation, malignancy, metastasis, and cell death. HSP70 is a 70 KD protein that its expression change has been reported in various kinds of cancers. Here a proteomic activity for molecular diagnosis of Asterocytomas tumors is designed. Proteins of tumor and normal brain tissues were extracted and then evaluated by Bradford test. In this study, the proteins were separated by 2DG Electrophoresis method, and then the spots were analyzed and compared using statistical data and specific software, after providing 3D images of spots alteration. Spots were identified by Isoelectric point (pI), molecular weights and data banks. As a result, the 2D gel showed totally 800 spots. HSP70 is one of down regulated proteins. As conclusion, alteration of HSP70 expression was detected in Asterocytomas which has an important role in tumor survival and development, response to cell stress and induces apoptosis in cells. Three kinds of HSP70 are known in different cancers: HSP70-1, HSP70-2 and HSP70-8 which affect limitation of apoptosis system in cancer cells.

The survival curves generally have been used for analysis of cell survival under stress conditions. They depict the relationship between the fraction of cells retaining their reproductive integrity and the absorbed dose. The median lethal dose, Lethal Concentration, 50% (LC50) of a toxin, radiation, or pathogen is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after specified test duration. LC50 frequently are used as a general indicator of a substance's acute toxicity.In this study a novel thermodynamic model is introduced to examine cell survival under stress condition. The survival function describes the surviving fraction of cell survival in different doses and contains information about cell survival. However, for interpretation of cells behavior under stress condition, thermodynamic formalism is utilized. Gastric adenocarcinoma cells line were seeded, in the 96 well plates and incubated at 37 °C under 5% CO2 atmosphere for 48 hours. After that, the various concentrations of calprotectin were induced into cells for 48hours for MTT assay proposes. Viability data were analyzed by entropy function and correspond results was plotted. The statistical analysis applied for data validation. The entropy of survival function has a maximum value at LC50 and is asymmetric around LC50 value, and the rate of change of entropy function is different below and above LC50 value which indicates that cells have different behavior. The entropy function has a more gentle slope above LC50 so we can assume that living cells above LC50 are more resistant to poison used. It can be concluded that regard entropy function and its derivations provides more possibility for revealing mechanism of cell behavior in stress conditions.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among Iranian women, and is the fifth cause of cancer-related death in Iran. Most studies have reported an overall excess of 20–30% chance for a second primary cancer to develop in individuals with a first breast cancer. In this study, we evaluated different factors might have a role in increasing the incidence of a second malignancy after a first primary breast cancer in Iran. We considered 980 breast cancer patients from three cancer research centers in Tehran, Mashad and Isfahan from Sep 1995 till Sep 2010. Overall, 94 second primary neoplasms observed. This analysis showed the existence of a modest excess in several neoplasms occurring after breast cancer. Some treatment related factors, including radiotherapy or mastectomy, had statistically significant relation with development a secondary cancer. However, sub-analysis failed to prove such a relationship. Therefore, we can concluded that the risk of developing a second cancer is more dependent on genetic and environmental factors that caused the first primary cancer, rather than being dependent on type of treatment and other factors mentioned in this study.

Oligodendrogliomas are sub-types of Gliomas with an enriched net of branching capillary. A vast amount of Oligodendroglial (approximately 60-90%) demonstrates a loss of 1p and 19q chromosomes, and their response to radio and chemotherapy treatments are considerably more favorable and less aggressive. Rho GDP inhibitor is a protein which controls the activity and distribution of GTPase in cells. In cancer cells with 1pLOH deletion, Rho GDP inhibitor protein can be anti-apoptotic. Here understanding of molecular diagnosis of Oligodendroglioma tumors is investigated via proteomic tools. Proteins of tumor and normal brain tissues are extracted and separated by Two-Dimensional Gel (2DG) Electrophoresis method and the spots were then analyzed and compared using statistical data and specific software, after providing 3D images of spots alteration. Spots were identified by pI, molecular weights and data banks. The 2D gels of normal and patient were provided and compared. As a result, high resolution analysis showed that there are totally 1328 spots in the gel. Bioinformatic analysis of the gels revealed that Rho GDI is one of the downregulated proteins. It was revealed that Rho GDP inhibitor deactivates GTP-Protein complex through disintegration of GTP from Rho proteins, leading to prevention of Rho GDP to return to its cycling.

Gastric cancer is a life threatening disease. Recent studies have shown that Rosa Damascene possesses noticeable biological effects on the human body. This study, investigates the anticancer effect of Rosa Damascena on gastric cancer cell line MKN45. Microscopic studies and MTT assay were used to examine morphological alteration, and cell survival of the cancer cells while exposing to differentvolumes of the essential oilrespectively. In addition, flow cytometry was applied to determine the cell death mechanism of the gastric cancer treated with the essential oil. The findings indicate that Rosa Damascena essential oil affects gastric cancer cells in two distinctive ways: the soluble phase increases cell viability, while the vapor phase decreases cellsurvival. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis revealed that apoptosis is the main mechanism accompanied with cell death. Consequently, Rosa Damascena essential oil can be used as a potent anticancer agent in the future. However,more evaluation of this essential oil is still needed to elicit its effectivebiological activities.

Radiosensitizer drugs are used to enhance the efficiency of radiotherapy. Some nanoparticles can be considered as radiosensitizers, because they enhance cytotoxicity due to oxidative stress and increase free radical yield, especially ROS, within cells resulting to cell death. In this study, synergistic effect of TiO2 nanoparticles was evaluated in presence of 60Co gamma rays on human breast cancer (MCF-7) and gastric cancer (MKN-45) cell lines. After cell culture, cells were exposed to several doses of gamma rays and a dose of 2Gy was selected due to survival analysis. Next, several doses of nanoparticle from each type was applied and cell survival was analyzed from which a dose of 30µg/ml was selected for the remainder of study. Finally, synergistic effect of gamma rays and nanoparticles was evaluated in two time delay groups using MTT assay. Viability of cells in presence of gamma radiation and nanoparticles, significantly reduced compared to viability of cells exposed only to radiation or nanoparticle, alone (P-value≤0.05). The effect was dependent on nanoparticle type, time between addition of nanoparticle to cells and exposure to gamma rays and also cell dependent. TiO2 increased sensitivity of cancer cells to gamma radiation, due to an increase in ROS production and cytotoxicity. Anatase crystals have more severe effects than Rutile crystal because of having a larger surface area and creation of more free radicals. Therefore, this nanoparticle has the potential to be used as a radiosensitizer and further studies should be considered on other cell lines and in vivo.

Breast cancer is one of the major health problems of the Eastern world. Regardless of the survival rate improvement with progression in screening and adjuvant systemic therapies, still one – third of the patients with primary breast cancer have recurrence of micro metastasis after 10 years. It is important to discover a reliable biomarker for detection of breast cancer. The underlying molecular mechanism of the disease needs to be better understood. Allied to genomics, proteomics technologies promise to be valuable for identifying new markers that improve screening, early diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of therapeutic response or toxicity, as well as the identification of new therapeutic targets. In this review, we present proteomic and genomic sciences have been used for differential analysis of breast cancer to find molecular changes of cancer for detection candidate biomarkers.

Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Both genetic and epigenetic alterations are common in CRC and are the driving force of tumorigenesis. Chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability and CpG island methylator phenotype pathways are responsible for genetic instability in colorectal cancer. Chromosomal instability pathway consists of activation of proto-oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppression genes and Loss of Heterozogosity (LOH). In this review, we discuss genetic and epigenetic phenomena that can be suggested as biomarkers in colorectal cancer.

Ureteralstump’s metastasis of renal cell carcinoma is rare. We report a32-year-old femalewith a huge metastatic involvement of the ureteralstump and utero-cervical structures about 2 years after a left radical nephrectomy. She underwent en-bloc resection of the massin conjunctionwith total ureterectomy, bladder cuff excision and hysterectomy.The patient was referred to oncology department for additional treatment.