نشریه پرستاری و مامایی ارومیه
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 43، اردیبهشت 1392)

Suction is considered as an essential process to keep the trache tube open for patients under mecanical ventilation. Howevereit has detrimental side effects such as Hypoxy،Bradycardy، etc. The ideal suction is the one which is secure and brings about little pain. In order to reduce its side effects، nurses are to be well-trained since they are mostly responsible to take care of patients.

The purpose of this study is to show whether safe suction criteria are taken into consideration by nurses in intensive care unit or not.

In this study، nursing care regarding trachealsuction which were conducted by 31 nurses were gone under direct observation and were recorded in a checklist. The data were based on central tendancy and Chi square Test and were analyzed by SPSS 16.

This study yield the following findings; out of total participants related to hand washing befor tracheal suction، 80% got the minimum score and 16% got the maximum score. With respect to trache tube suction، 83/9% score the lowest score and 3/2% score the highest one. Regarding the nasal suction، 83/2 % score the lowest score on the other hand only 16/2% score the highest score. There was no important correlation between safe suction and job experince، and between job experience in intensive care unit and age.

This study shows that nursing care related to tracheal suction in intensive care unit are not safe and there is an essential need to carefully identify the causes and to eliminate them to prevent the side effects.

Different surveys in Iran show that antenatal education is not conducting effectively. This research aims at interpreting pregnant women’s experiences of maternal health education to understand the current educational approach in this field. A qualitative study using phenomenological analysis was conducted in a health clinic in Tehran، Iran. The participants were 11 pregnant women selected purposely. An interview guide was used to collect the data. Interviews were audio-taped، then they were transcribed، coded، and thematically analyzed. Four themes emerged، “The method of education”، “Achievements”، “Content”، and “The role of educator”. The findings of this research calls for reviewing the current educational activities، according to the method of education، the content، and the knowledge of the educator of the principles of education. Making the effective antenatal education needs the application of different methods of education، utilizing a content corresponding to the knowlege level of audiences and familiarizing the educators of this field with the principles of Adult Education.

pain is one of the common experiences with intramuscular (IM) injection. Pain relieving technique is very important in promotion of the procedure implantation quality and the patients'' satisfaction. This study was done to evaluate the manual pressure effect on IM injection pain severity.

in this experimental study، 98 outpatients that referred to Gorgan 5th Azar hospital were allocated randomly to intervention (n=50) and control (n=48) group. In intervention group immediately prior to IM injection of penicillin، manual pressure with thump finger was applied in injection site for 10s. Control group injections were done without any intervention، as a routine way. After injection، pain was measured with visual analog scale (VAS). Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 using independent t-test and one way ANOVA. In all tests، level of significance was considered less than 0. 05.

age mean and gender distribution in two groups did not have statistically difference. The mean of IM injection pain severity score in intervention and control group were 3. 50 (±. 96) and 5. 47 (±1. 18) respectively and this deference was statistically significant (P<0. 05).

manual pressure in IM injection site leads to pain relief and we can apply the technique for decreasing of pain and patient comfort promotion.

Increase in the rate of elderly population in developing countries can cause emotional، social and health problems. Using nursing theories especially Orem theory could be effective in self care ability improvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of self-care program performance based on the Orem frame work on the self- care ability in elderly resident in Urmia Nursing home. This research is quasi experimental study. 50 elderly people were randomly selected through census who met inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups as control (25) and intervention (25). Data collection tools were Self care Ability Scale for the Elderly and self care needs questionnaire. Self care programs were held as 4-6، 30-45 minutes sessions based on their self care needs for experimental group. Self care ability was evaluated by Self care Ability Scale for the Elderly before and after one month of self care program. Data were analyzed with SPSS software version 16، using descriptive and inferential statistical testes. Result showed that there is no significant difference between the two groups in self care needs mean scores before intervention (P=0/76). The difference between the means in the two groups was significant (P=0/014)، i. e.، Orem Self -Care program improved Self-care ability of elderly. Performing Orem Self Care program had a positive influence on improving Self-care ability of elderly. Therefore it is suggested that health care planner and nurses should reinforce self care in these patients According to the nursing theories، caring program can improve self care ability in home-dwelling elderly people.

One of the most important topics in the field of health psychology is the influence of psychological factors in coronary heart disease. The present research aims at comparing personality type، life orientation and hope level in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients and healthy people. 60 patients from two heart hospital of Urmia city as well as private medical offices were selected by available sampling method، and 60 normal individuals from hospital staff members were selected using random methods. All participants were completed the Type D personality scale (Denollet)، Revised life orientation test (Carver & Scheier) and Hope scale (Snyder). Data was analyzed by Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results showed that the people with coronary heart disease showed significantly higher distress type personality، furthermore، level of optimistic life orientation was lower for both women and men with the mentioned disease. Patients with coronary heart disease tend to show a distress personality character، negative affect and a lower optimistic life orientation comparing to the normal people.

Since normal vaginal delivery is concerned with the health of the mother and her child، different levels of the healthcare system is engaged in this process، and due to the high rate of c-sections، studying issues related to normal vaginal delivery is one of the priority areas in medical research worldwide. Function of normal vaginal delivery process- like many other clinical processes- is far from optimal in Emma Reza hospital، and needs improvement. This study was carried out with the aim of development and implementation of a clinical pathway for normal vaginal delivery to improve this process. In this paper we report the results of its implementation on unnecessary interventions in labor. This is a quality improvement study which is one of the effectiveness or on-line studies. In this study we used FOCUS PDCA as a model for clinical pathway development. At first current function of process was assessed by multidisciplinary team. Best practices for normal vaginal delivery were extracted from several data bases by using methods of evidence-based medicine. Then format and content of pathway was determined. Finally، the inclusion criteria، the main activities and possible variances from the pathway were determined. Evidence based necessary protocols and procedures were developed. In addition، a patient pathway''s version was provided. Assessment of current function showed that normal vaginal delivery process was far from standard، So that the rate of unnecessary interventions was more than standard limit. We used clinical pathway method and evidence-based medicine for standardization of normal vaginal delivery process. It was piloted for two months. Data was collected before and during pilot implementation. Unnecessary interventions in criteria of: episiotomy was 78%، taking IV line/serum therapy was 99%، and augmentation of labor was 46% before implementation of pathway. They changed to 63%، 54%، and 40% as a sequence during pilot implementation. Normal vaginal delivery clinical pathway was effective in reduction of unnecessary interventions in hospital.

Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder، which is extremely stressful not only for the persons affected but also for their families. To determine the effect of psychoeducational groups for caregivers on psychiatric symptoms of patients with schizophrenia. Seventy outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia disorder and their caregivers were randomly allocated to either experimental group or control group. The patients in the experimental group administered antipsychotic drug and a psychoeducational intervention was planned for their caregivers، while the patients in the control group received a routine care. The psychoeducational program included ten sessions (for each group) during five weeks، each session lasting for ninety minutes. Pre-post and one month after the intervention، the patients’ psychiatric symptoms were assessed by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Based on the findings، there was no statistical difference from the point of demographic characteristics between the subjects. Between groups comparison of the baseline scores of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale found no significant differences between the two groups، but at the end of the intervention and one month post intervention significant differences were observed. Planning and implementing of psychoeducational groups for caregivers can improve the psychiatric symptoms of patients with schizophrenia.

massage therapy is one of the appropriate methods of reducing tension and anxiety. On the other hand، there are fundamental physiologic differences between men and women considering low attention to massage therapy. Goal of this investigation is to compare the effect of massage therapy on physiologic indexes of male and female patients hospitalized in intensive care units of Shahid Beheshti hospitals in this study foot massage was executed on 40 patients (20 male and 20 female) within 5 minutes (each foot 2. 5 minutes). Physiologic index (blood pressure، pulsation، respiration، temperature and oxygen saturation percentage) are evaluated before، immediately after، and 5 minutes after foot massage. study finding exhibited (except for respiration intermittence) that foot massage meaningfully affects physiologic indexes during the time. Data analysis showed that effect at this intervention on blood pressure (systolic and diastolic)، temperature and oxygen saturation percentage was greater for men but pulsation reduction behavior was similar for men and women. based on results obtained in study it can be concluded that foot massage meaningfully affects positively on blood pressure، pulsation، oxygen saturation percentage and temperature of both men and women under investigation، but in most cases the amount of effect on men and women differ during the time.

Pressure ulcer or Bed sores are one of the major problems in medicine. Understanding، prevention، diagnosis and treatment of this condition are very important because of adverse effects of health condition and high costs of medical care. Pressure ulcer frequently complicated by secondary infection; than can be spreads to soft tissues، bones، osteomyelitis and sepsis and can lead is death. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and risk factors for pressure ulcer based on Norton''s scale at educational centers of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. This cross-sectional study performed on 355 patients at centers in Urmia University of Medical sciences in 2011- 2012 by direct observation. All admitted patients at target wards (orthopedic، Neurology، Intensive Care Unit، Neurosurgery، Internal Medicine، Cardiology) visited at the first and every other day during 3 months and observed by Norton scale. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (chi- square test)، and using SPSS 19 software. The mean age of the 355 studied patients was 62. 18 year with S. D. 17. 91. The minimum age was 16 and the maximum age was 91 years. 54. 9% of the patients were male and 45. 1% were female. Of 355 patients، 39. 2 % (139 patient) developed pressure ulcers: 65/4% of ulcer was grade I، 36. 6% grade II، 0. 1% grade III ulcers. 15. 8% of the ulcers developed on sacral، 2. 7% on gluteal region، 5. 6 on heel and head and 2 ulcers on lateral malleus. The most frequent risk factors in this study were prolonged hospitalization (78. 3% for 31 days) and immobilizing due to stroke and trauma، aging (47. 5% of the patients was 71 years). There was significant relationship between age and incidence of pressure ulcer (p<0. 05). The study shows that the most prevalent risk factors were the after effects of prolonged hospitalization and immobilizing due to stroke and trauma. The study emphasizes on the recognizing of the predisposed cases to carry out the necessary actions to prevent the incidence of pressure ulcer.